The relationship of vegetation and soil differentiation during the formation of black-soil-type degraded meadows in the headwater of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohua Ren ◽  
Zhanhuan Shang ◽  
Ruijun Long ◽  
Yuan Hou ◽  
Bin Deng
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The Dalai Lama and the Nechung Oracle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Bell
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Dalai Lama ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Sentient Beings ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This book is about two immortals whose friendship has spanned nearly five hundred years across the Tibetan plateau and beyond. The first immortal is the Dalai Lama, the emanation of a bodhisattva, an enlightened being who voluntarily takes rebirth in the world to benefit sentient beings. The second immortal is a wrathful god named Pehar, who has possessed the Nechung Oracle since the sixteenth century. This book is the first to examine the relationship between these two monolithic figures, which strengthened in the seventeenth century during the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–1682). This study is also the first extensive examination of the famed Nechung Oracle and his institution. In the seventeenth century, the protector deity Pehar and his oracle at Nechung Monastery were state-sanctioned by the nascent Tibetan government, becoming the head of an expansive pantheon of worldly deities assigned to protect the newly unified country. While the Fifth Dalai Lama and his government endorsed Pehar as part of a larger unification project, the governments of later Dalai Lamas continued to expand the deity’s influence, and by extension their own, by ritually establishing Pehar at monasteries and temples around Lhasa and across Tibet. Pehar’s cult at Nechung Monastery came to embody the Dalai Lama’s administrative control in a mutually beneficial relationship of protection and prestige, the effects of which continue to reverberate within Tibet and among the Tibetan exile community today.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF PATTERN AND GRADIENT OF SLOPES TO SOIL TYPE

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Acton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Glacial Landforms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Three glacial landforms (hummocky moraine, linear disintegration ridge, and washboard ridge) resulting from ice disintegration were studied to determine the relationship of the type of landform to the distribution of soil members or series. A close relationship was observed between a soil member and the nature of the slope segment on which it occurred. Calcareous Dark Brown soils were observed on the uppermost convex portion of the slope on gradients usually greater than 8%; Orthic Dark Brown soils on simple intermediate slopes or 5–8% gradient; Eluviated Dark Brown soils on slightly concave footslopes of 1–3% gradient; Rego Dark Brown wherever 3–5% slopes extended from the margin of depressions; and Gleysolic soils in the concave depressions. The extent of the soil members was found to be a function of the extent of the individual slope segment present in the landform. Orthic Dark Brown soils predominated, to approximately the same extent, on all landforms. Gleysolic soils were extensive in hummocky moraines whereas Eluviated and Calcareous Dark Brown soils were more extensive on ridged landforms, particularly on linear disintegration ridges. Rego Dark Brown soils were most extensive on washboard ridges.

Relationship of nematode communities to human demographics and environment in agricultural fields and fallow lands in Senegal

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Cadet ◽  
Emmanuelle Pate ◽  
Jean Thioulouse
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
Nematode Communities ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One hundred and nine soil samples were collected in 69 different localities along two transects, one North-South, about 900 km in length, and the other East-West (750 km in length), across Senegal and Gambia. The first transect followed a rainfall gradient and the second a human density gradient. The relationship between carbon content, C/N ratio and soil type on the abundance and species distribution of the nematodes along the transects was studied. Results showed that short-term fallows did not influence the specific structure of the communities, when compared with the nematode communities of fields located in the immediate vicinity, where Scutellonema cavenessi and Tylenchorhynchus gladiolatus were the dominant species. The expected negative influence of human disturbance on nematode occurrence seemed to be compensated by greater crop diversity, mainly near the towns. Less-disturbed areas also maintained a high diversity, but were characterized by the presence of particular species such as Xiphinema spp. Soil type was the most important factor affecting the species composition of the nematode community. As a result, nematode communities followed a distribution in areas, corresponding to the successive soil types, but did not change in relation to the human or climatic gradients. At a large scale, the study of plant-parasitic nematodes can give both different and complementary information on the ecological trends of an area to that of free-living nematodes.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

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