Phylogenetic analyses of the Fusarium graminearum species complex isolated from soybean in Argentina and Brazil

Members of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) are the major pathogens that cause Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals worldwide. Symptoms of FHB on rice, including dark staining or browning of rice glumes, were recently observed in Jiangsu Province, China. To improve our understanding of the pathogens involved, 201 FGSC isolates were obtained from freshly harvested rice samples and identified by phylogenetic analyses. Among the 201 FGSC isolates, 196 were F. asiaticum and the remaining 5 were F. graminearum. Trichothecene chemotype and chemical analyses showed that 68.4% of the F. asiaticum isolates were the 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) chemotype and the remainder were the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype. All of the F. graminearum isolates were the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype. Pathogenicity assays showed that both the 3ADON and NIV chemotypes of F. asiaticum could infect wheat and rice spikes. FHB severity and trichothecene toxin analysis revealed that F. asiaticum with the NIV chemotype was less aggressive than that with the 3ADON chemotype in wheat, while the NIV-producing strains were more virulent than the 3ADON-producing strains in rice. F. asiaticum isolates with different chemotypes did not show significant differences in mycelial growth, sporulation, conidial dimensions, or perithecial production. These findings would provide useful information for developing management strategies for the control of FHB in China.

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Molecular Characterization of the Fusarium graminearum Species Complex in Japan

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-98-2-0159 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 159-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 124

Author(s):

H. Suga ◽

G. W. Karugia ◽

T. Ward ◽

L. R. Gale ◽

K. Tomimura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Species Complex ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Distinct Species ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Rflp Markers ◽

Differential Distribution ◽

The North ◽

Pcr Rflp ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex

Members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex are important cereal pathogens worldwide and belong to one of at least nine phylogenetically distinct species. We examined 298 strains of the F. graminearum species complex collected from wheat or barley in Japan to determine the species and trichothecene chemotype. Phylogenetic analyses and species-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLPs) revealed the presence and differential distribution of F. graminearum sensu stricto (s. str.) and F. asiaticum in Japan. F. graminearum s. str. is predominant in the north, especially in the Hokkaido area, while F. asiaticum is predominant in southern regions. In the Tohoku area, these species co-occurred. Trichothecene chemotyping of all strains by multiplex PCR revealed significantly different chemotype compositions of these species. All 50 strains of F. graminearum s. str. were of a 15- or 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol type, while 173 (70%) out of 246 strains of F. asiaticum were of a nivalenol type. The possibility of gene flow between the two species was investigated by use of 15 PCR-RFLP markers developed in this study. However, no obvious hybrids were detected from 98 strains examined, including strains collected from regions where both species co-occur.

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Phylogenetic analyses of Fusarium graminearum strains from cereals in Italy, and characterisation of their molecular and chemical chemotypes

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp13314 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 52 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

S. Somma ◽

A. L. Petruzzella ◽

A. F. Logrieco ◽

G. Meca ◽

O. S. Cacciola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Durum Wheat ◽

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Species Complex ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

The Other ◽

Other Hand ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex ◽

Almost All

The Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is a pathogen of durum wheat and other cereals worldwide. The complex consists of at least 15 species that can produce various mycotoxins, including trichothecenes, associated with human and animals toxicoses. In particular, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their different acetylated derivatives can be produced by the different chemotypes of the complex. In this study, 90 strains, isolated mainly from wheat in Italy and belonging to the FGSC, were assessed for their phylogeny and their chemotype and trichothecene genotype. Almost all strains of the FGSC belonged to F. graminearum sensu stricto, whereas two strains were F. cortaderiae. On the other hand, all three chemotypes, 3ADON, 15ADON and NIV, occurred; 15ADON was the most common molecular chemotype. The data show that the species composition of the Italian FGSC is homogeneous, whereas wide chemotype variability can occur within F. graminearum sensu stricto.

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Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Associated with Maize Crowns and Roots in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-11-0083 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (9) ◽

pp. 1153-1158 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

S. C. Lamprecht ◽

Y. T. Tewoldemedhin ◽

W. J. Botha ◽

F. J. Calitz

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Root Rot ◽

Species Complex ◽

Seedling Survival ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Kwazulu Natal ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex ◽

Crown And Root Rot

Thirty-three isolates of the Fusarium graminearum species complex obtained from diseased maize (Zea mays) crowns and roots in the Winterton district, KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa were identified to species level. Their pathogenicity and virulence to maize ‘PHI 32D96B’ seedlings were determined under glasshouse conditions, with seedling survival and growth and crown and root rot as criteria. Phylogenetic analyses using the 3-O-acetyltransferase (Tri101) gene region sequences revealed the presence of F. boothii (2 isolates), F. graminearum sensu stricto (26 isolates), and F. meridionale (5 isolates) in the F. graminearum species complex associated with diseased maize crowns and roots. Pathogenicity results showed that F. boothii was the most and F. meridionale the least virulent of the three species. F. boothii and F. graminearum sensu stricto significantly reduced survival of seedlings and all three species caused significant reduction in growth and significantly more crown and root rot than the control (uninoculated). This is the first report of F. boothii, F. graminearum sensu stricto, and F. meridionale associated with diseased maize crowns and roots and their pathogenicity and virulence as soilborne pathogens on maize seedlings in South Africa.

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Analysis of Fusarium graminearum Species Complex from Wheat–Maize Rotation Regions in Henan (China)

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-16-0912-re ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (5) ◽

pp. 720-725 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jun Jie Hao ◽

Shu Na Xie ◽

Jing Sun ◽

Gong Qiang Yang ◽

Jia Zhong Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Species Complex ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Head Blight ◽

Species Identity ◽

Stalk Rot ◽

Predominant Pathogen ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex ◽

Maize Stalks

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and maize stalk rot (MSR), caused by members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC), are among the most destructive and economically important diseases in the world. Species identity and the trichothecene chemotype of 312 members of the FGSC from diseased wheat spikes and maize stalks in Henan was determined using phylogenetic analyses and a polymerase chain reaction trichothecene chemotype assay. F. graminearum sensu stricto accounted for more than 93% of the FGSC isolates associated with FHB (N = 168) and MSR (N = 130). The remaining isolates were F. asiaticum. Significant differences were found in the frequencies of the two species within the hosts (P < 0.01). However, the frequencies of the same species in FHB and MSR were similar (P > 0.05) for wheat and maize isolates, indicating that the composition of the FGSC with respect to wheat and maize in these fields varied little. The 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) trichothecene chemotype represented 92.7 and 98.5% of isolates from wheat (N = 167) and maize (N = 130), respectively. However, the 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol chemotype was found in 6.7% of wheat isolates, and the nivalenol chemotype in 1.5% of MSR isolates and in 0.6% of FHB isolates. Mycelial growth at different concentrations of carbendazim and difenoconazole did not differ between F. graminearum sensu stricto and F. asiaticum. These results suggest that the 15-ADON chemotype of F. graminearum sensu stricto is the predominant pathogen that causes wheat- and maize-related diseases in this region. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

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Geographic distribution of phylogenetic species of the Fusarium graminearum species complex and their 8-ketotrichothecene chemotypes on wheat spikes in Iran

Mycotoxin Research ◽

10.1007/s12550-017-0283-0 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 245-259

Author(s):

Mostafa Abedi-Tizaki ◽

Doustmorad Zafari

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Geographic Distribution ◽

Species Complex ◽

Phylogenetic Species ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex

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Fungicide Resistance in Fusarium graminearum Species Complex

Current Microbiology ◽

10.1007/s00284-021-02759-4 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Magda Antunes de Chaves ◽

Paula Reginatto ◽

Bárbara Souza da Costa ◽

Ricardo Itiki de Paschoal ◽

Mário Lettieri Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Species Complex ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex

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A Natural Mutation Involving both Pathogenicity and Perithecium Formation in the Fusarium graminearum Species Complex

G3 Genes|Genome|Genetics ◽

10.1534/g3.116.033951 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 3883-3892 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Haruhisha Suga ◽

Koji Kageyama ◽

Masafumi Shimizu ◽

Misturo Hyakumachi

Keyword(s):

Mutant Strain ◽

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Type Strain ◽

Species Complex ◽

Wild Type Strain ◽

Genetic Locus ◽

Chromosome 2 ◽

Wild Type ◽

Head Blight ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex

Abstract Members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex or FGSC) are the primary pathogens causing Fusarium head blight in wheat and barley worldwide. A natural pathogenicity mutant (strain 0225022) was found in a sample of the Fg complex collected in Japan. The mutant strain did not induce symptoms in wheat spikes beyond the point of inoculation, and did not form perithecia. No segregation of phenotypic deficiencies occurred in the progenies of a cross between the mutant and a fully pathogenic wild-type strain, which suggested that a single genetic locus controlled both traits. The locus was mapped to chromosome 2 by using sequence-tagged markers; and a deletion of ∼3 kb was detected in the mapped region of the mutant strain. The wild-type strain contains the FGSG_02810 gene, encoding a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein, in this region. The contribution of FGSG_02810 to pathogenicity and perithecium formation was confirmed by complementation in the mutant strain using gene transfer, and by gene disruption in the wild-type strain.

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Activity of Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicide Metconazole on Chinese Fusarium graminearum Species Complex and Its Application in Carbendazim-Resistance Management of Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1592-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (5) ◽

pp. 929-937 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yabing Duan ◽

Xian Tao ◽

Huahua Zhao ◽

Xuemei Xiao ◽

Meixia Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Species Complex ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Head Blight ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex ◽

Demethylation Inhibitor

Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC), causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, has species-specific geographical distributions in wheat-growing regions. In recent years, benzimidazole resistance of FHB pathogens has been largely widespread in China. Although the demethylation inhibitor fungicide metconazole has been used for FHB control in some countries, no information about metconazole sensitivity of Chinese FHB pathogen populations and efficacy of metconazole in FHB control in China is available. In this study, the sensitivity of FGSC to metconazole was measured with 32 carbendazim-sensitive strains and 35 carbendazim-resistant strains based on mycelial growth. The 50% effective concentration values of 67 strains were normally distributed and ranged from 0.0209 to 0.0838 μg ml−1, with a mean of 0.0481 ± 0.0134 μg ml−1. No significant difference in metconazole sensitivity was observed between carbendazim-sensitive and -resistant populations. An interactive effect of metconazole and phenamacril, a novel cyanoacrilate fungicide approved in China against Fusarium spp., in inhibiting mycelial growth showed an additive interaction at different ratios. Furthermore, field trials to evaluate the effect of metconazole and metconazole + phenamacril treatments in FHB control, deoxynivalenol (DON) production, and grain yields were performed. Compared with the fungicides carbendazim and phenamacril currently used in China, metconazole exhibits a better efficacy for FHB control, DON production, and grain yields, and dramatically reduces use dosages of chemical compounds in the field. The mixture of metconazole and phenamacril at ratios of 2:3 and 1:2 showed the greatest efficacy for FHB control, DON production, and grain yields among all the fungicide treatments but its use dosages were higher in comparison with metconazole alone. In addition, FHB control, grain yields, and DON levels were significantly correlated with each other, showing that visual disease indices can be used as an indicator of grain yields and DON contamination. Meanwhile, the frequency of carbendazim-resistant alleles in F. graminearum populations was dramatically reduced after metconazole and phenamacril alone and the mixture of metconazole and phenamacril applications, indicating that metconazole and a mixture of metconazole and phenamacril can be used for carbendazim resistance management of FHB in wheat. Overall, the findings of this study provide important data for resistance management of FHB and reducing DON contamination in wheat grains.

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Climate change impacts on the ecology of Fusarium graminearum species complex and susceptibility of wheat to Fusarium head blight: a review

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2016.2053 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 685-700 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

M. Vaughan ◽

D. Backhouse ◽

E.M. Del Ponte

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Species Complex ◽

Animal Health ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Host Susceptibility ◽

Head Blight ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex ◽

The Impact

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, caused mainly by a few members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC), is a major threat to agricultural grain production, food safety, and animal health. The severity of disease epidemics and accumulation of associated trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat kernels is strongly driven by meteorological factors. The potential impacts of change in climate are reviewed from the perspective of the FGSC life cycle and host resistance mechanisms influenced by abiotic pressures at the ecological, physiological and molecular level. Alterations in climate patterns and cropping systems may affect the distribution, composition and load of FGSC inoculum, but quantitative information is lacking regarding the differential responses among FGSC members. In general, the coincidence of wet and warm environment during flowering enhances the risk of FHB epidemics, but the magnitude and direction of the change in FHB and mycotoxin risk will be a consequence of a multitude of effects on key processes affecting inoculum dynamics and host susceptibility. Rates of residue decomposition, inoculum production and dispersal may be significantly altered by changes in crop rotations, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]), temperature and precipitation patterns, but the impact may be much greater for regions where inoculum is more limited, such as temperate climates. In regions of non-limiting inoculum, climate change effects will likely be greater on the pathogenic rather than on the saprophytic phase. Although the mechanisms by which abiotic stress influences wheat defences against Fusarium species are unknown, available data would suggest that wheat may be more susceptible to Fusarium infection under future climate conditions. Additional research in this area should be a priority so that breeding efforts and climate resilient management strategies can be developed.

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