Lignin waste processing into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels: a comprehensive review

AbstractDisposal of millions of gallons of existing radioactive wastes in underground storage tanks is a major remediation activity for the United States Department of Energy. These wastes include a substantial volume of insoluble sludges consisting of submicron colloidal particles. Processing these sludges under the proposed processing conditions presents unique challenges in retrieval transport, separation, and solidification of these waste streams. Depending on processing conditions, these colloidal particles can form agglomerated networks having high viscosities that could clog transfer lines or produce high volumes of low-density sediments that interfere with solid-liquid separations. Under different conditions, these particles can be dispersed to form very fine suspended particles that do not settle. Given the wide range of waste chemistries present at Department of Energy sites, it is impractical to measure the properties of all treatment procedures. Under the current research activities, the underlying principles of colloid chemistry and physics are being studied to predict and eventually control the physical properties of sludge suspensions and sediment layers in tank wastes and other waste processing streams. Proposed tank processing strategies include retrieval transport, and solid-liquid separations in basic (pH 10 to 14), high ionic strength (0.1 to 1.0 M) salt solutions. The effect of salt concentration, ionic strength, and salt composition on the physical properties such as viscosity, agglomerate size, and sedimentation of model suspensions containing mixtures of one or two of the major components found in actual wastes have been measured to understand how agglomeration influences processing. Property models developed from theory and experiment on these simple suspensions are then applied to explain the results obtained on actual wastes.

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PRODUCTION AND USE OF BIOENERGY IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOECONOMY

Proccedings of International Scientific Conference "RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2017" ◽

10.15544/rd.2017.195 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jarosław GOŁĘBIEWSKI ◽

Joanna RAKOWSKA

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Energy Use ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Municipal Waste ◽

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Solid Biofuels ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Solid Liquid

Growing demand for energy, along with the depletion of traditional fossil fuels and the development of civilization, raises interest in the use of bioenergy in all sectors of the economy, including electricity, transport, heating, cooling, and industry. In developed countries bioenergy is an alternative to traditional non-renewable energy from fossil fuels, as its resources renew in natural processes, making it practically inexhaustible. Due to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, bioenergy is also more environmentally friendly than fossil energy. Thus bioenergy sector is a key segment of bio-economy and determines its competitiveness and development. Increase in bioenergy production, resulting from both market and energy policies, leads to greater interdependence between energy and agricultural markets, affects food and feed prices and change in land use. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the bioenergy market in Poland in 2010-2015, present the role of bioenergy sector production in the structure of bio-economy, the changes in production and directions of biomass-based energy use and determine the importance of the major bioenergy markets in the structure of the energy market in Poland. The study was based on the aggregated statistical data on the acquisition and consumption of bioenergy in Poland, including energy from municipal waste, solid biofuels, biogas and liquid biofuels. Findings prove that bioenergy is the most important renewable energy source in Poland. It is also a diversified source of energy, as it can be converted into solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Although solid biofuels and liquid biofuels dominate in Poland, the share of biogas and energy produced from municipal waste is small. Concluding, bioenergy in Poland changes its character from traditional and local energy source into modern, international commodity.

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Legislazione sulla qualità ed emissioni nocive. I combustibili solidi, liquidi e gassosi. (Legislation on Quality and Harmful Emissions. Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels.)

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3621462 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Vito Gnazzo

Keyword(s):

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Harmful Emissions ◽

Solid Liquid

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Guide for determination of calorific values of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels (including definitions)

10.3403/00241975u ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Solid Liquid

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A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels

Fuel ◽

10.1016/s0016-2361(01)00131-4 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 81 (8) ◽

pp. 1051-1063 ◽

Cited By ~ 1157

Author(s):

S.A. Channiwala ◽

P.P. Parikh

Keyword(s):

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Solid Liquid

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Crude Glycerol as a Potential Feedstock for Future Energy via Thermochemical Conversion Processes: A Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132212813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 12813

Author(s):

Mohsin Raza ◽

Abrar Inayat ◽

Basim Abu-Jdayil

Keyword(s):

Energy Production ◽

Crude Glycerol ◽

Production Costs ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Future Research ◽

Gaseous Fuels ◽

The Cost ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Catalytic Steam Reforming

Biodiesel is an emerging substitute for petroleum-based products. It is considered an ecologically safe and sustainable fuel. The high cost of biodiesel production is linearly related to its feedstock. Crude glycerol, which is a by-product of the biodiesel industry, is also a major challenge that must be addressed. A large volume of crude glycerol needs to be disposed of, and this involves processing, dumping, and land requirements. This increases the cost of biodiesel production. One way to decrease the cost of biodiesel production is to utilize its by-product to make valuable products. Crude glycerol can be processed to produce a variety of chemicals and products. The present utilization of crude glycerol is not enough to bring down its surplus availability. Thermochemical conversion processes can utilize crude glycerol as a starting feedstock and convert it into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. The utilization of crude glycerol through integrated thermochemical conversion processes could lead to an integrated biorefinery. This review paper highlights the research scope for areas where crude glycerol could be utilized as a feedstock or co-feedstock in thermochemical conversion technology. Various thermochemical conversion processes, namely, gasification, pyrolysis, combustion, catalytic steam reforming, liquefaction, and supercritical water reforming, are discussed and shown to be highly suitable for the use of crude glycerol as an economical feedstock. It is found that the integration of crude glycerol with other thermochemical conversion processes for energy production is a promising option to overcome the challenges related to biodiesel production costs. Hence, this paper provides all the necessary information on the present utilization status of crude glycerol in thermochemical conversion processes, as well as identifying possible research gaps that could be filled by future research studies.

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Conservative CIP Method and Application to Splashing Phenomena

Volume 2: Symposia, Parts A, B, and C ◽

10.1115/fedsm2003-45666 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

Takashi Yabe

Keyword(s):

Water Surface ◽

Mass Conservation ◽

Cip Method ◽

Exact Mass ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Numerical Solver ◽

Multi Phase ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Lagrangian Scheme ◽

Recent Version

We present a review of the CIP method [1–3] that is known as a general numerical solver for solid, liquid, gas and plasmas. This method is a kind of semi-Lagrangian scheme and has been extended to treat incompressible flow in the framework of compressible fluid. Since it uses primitive Euler representation, it is suitable for multi-phase analysis. The recent version of this method guarantees the exact mass conservation [4] even in the framework of semi-Lagrangian scheme. Comprehensive review is given for the strategy of the CIP method that has a compact support and subcell resolution including front capturing algorithm with functional transformation, pressure-based algorithm. In this paper, particular attention is placed on splashing phenomena in which water surface breaks up and disintegrated into many pieces.

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