Legislazione sulla qualità ed emissioni nocive. I combustibili solidi, liquidi e gassosi. (Legislation on Quality and Harmful Emissions. Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels.)

Growing demand for energy, along with the depletion of traditional fossil fuels and the development of civilization, raises interest in the use of bioenergy in all sectors of the economy, including electricity, transport, heating, cooling, and industry. In developed countries bioenergy is an alternative to traditional non-renewable energy from fossil fuels, as its resources renew in natural processes, making it practically inexhaustible. Due to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, bioenergy is also more environmentally friendly than fossil energy. Thus bioenergy sector is a key segment of bio-economy and determines its competitiveness and development. Increase in bioenergy production, resulting from both market and energy policies, leads to greater interdependence between energy and agricultural markets, affects food and feed prices and change in land use. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the bioenergy market in Poland in 2010-2015, present the role of bioenergy sector production in the structure of bio-economy, the changes in production and directions of biomass-based energy use and determine the importance of the major bioenergy markets in the structure of the energy market in Poland. The study was based on the aggregated statistical data on the acquisition and consumption of bioenergy in Poland, including energy from municipal waste, solid biofuels, biogas and liquid biofuels. Findings prove that bioenergy is the most important renewable energy source in Poland. It is also a diversified source of energy, as it can be converted into solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Although solid biofuels and liquid biofuels dominate in Poland, the share of biogas and energy produced from municipal waste is small. Concluding, bioenergy in Poland changes its character from traditional and local energy source into modern, international commodity.

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Guide for determination of calorific values of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels (including definitions)

10.3403/00241975u ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Solid Liquid

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A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels

Fuel ◽

10.1016/s0016-2361(01)00131-4 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 81 (8) ◽

pp. 1051-1063 ◽

Cited By ~ 1157

Author(s):

S.A. Channiwala ◽

P.P. Parikh

Keyword(s):

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Solid Liquid

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Crude Glycerol as a Potential Feedstock for Future Energy via Thermochemical Conversion Processes: A Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132212813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 12813

Author(s):

Mohsin Raza ◽

Abrar Inayat ◽

Basim Abu-Jdayil

Keyword(s):

Energy Production ◽

Crude Glycerol ◽

Production Costs ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Future Research ◽

Gaseous Fuels ◽

The Cost ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Catalytic Steam Reforming

Biodiesel is an emerging substitute for petroleum-based products. It is considered an ecologically safe and sustainable fuel. The high cost of biodiesel production is linearly related to its feedstock. Crude glycerol, which is a by-product of the biodiesel industry, is also a major challenge that must be addressed. A large volume of crude glycerol needs to be disposed of, and this involves processing, dumping, and land requirements. This increases the cost of biodiesel production. One way to decrease the cost of biodiesel production is to utilize its by-product to make valuable products. Crude glycerol can be processed to produce a variety of chemicals and products. The present utilization of crude glycerol is not enough to bring down its surplus availability. Thermochemical conversion processes can utilize crude glycerol as a starting feedstock and convert it into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. The utilization of crude glycerol through integrated thermochemical conversion processes could lead to an integrated biorefinery. This review paper highlights the research scope for areas where crude glycerol could be utilized as a feedstock or co-feedstock in thermochemical conversion technology. Various thermochemical conversion processes, namely, gasification, pyrolysis, combustion, catalytic steam reforming, liquefaction, and supercritical water reforming, are discussed and shown to be highly suitable for the use of crude glycerol as an economical feedstock. It is found that the integration of crude glycerol with other thermochemical conversion processes for energy production is a promising option to overcome the challenges related to biodiesel production costs. Hence, this paper provides all the necessary information on the present utilization status of crude glycerol in thermochemical conversion processes, as well as identifying possible research gaps that could be filled by future research studies.

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Comparative research of diesel engine at working with anamegators

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201928705002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 287 ◽

pp. 05002

Author(s):

Georgi Komitov ◽

D. Kehayov

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Diesel Engine ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Comparative Research ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Carbon Oxide ◽

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Harmful Emissions ◽

Reducing Costs

In conditions of the high petrol dependence, depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution, the questions with the implementation of the various options for reducing costs in the operation of engines, and at the same time reducing the discharged into the atmosphere harmful emissions are very topical. This article looks at the work of a diesel engine running on standard diesel fuel, an anamegator for fuel and a fuel and oil anamegators. Anamagators are relatively unknown additives in our market that improve some of the engine performance. They are complex chemicals that are added to fuels and complexly improve the burning process. They applied to all liquid and gaseous fuels and all types of oils. As a result of the conducted experiments are received the dependencies of the hourly fuel consumption, the carbon dioxide, the carbon oxide, the smoke, etc. through the change of power.

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Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels for Energy Generation

Biofuels and Biorefineries - Near-critical and Supercritical Water and Their Applications for Biorefineries ◽

10.1007/978-94-017-8923-3_15 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 401-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Dolores Bermejo ◽

Ángel Martín ◽

Joao Paulo Silva Queiroz ◽

Pablo Cabeza ◽

Fidel Mato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supercritical Water ◽

Water Oxidation ◽

Energy Generation ◽

Supercritical Water Oxidation ◽

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Solid Liquid

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THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS AS A SOURCE FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION

Theory and Building Practice ◽

10.23939/jtbp2021.01.029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (1) ◽

pp. 29-34

Author(s):

Yurii Furdas ◽

◽

Khrystyna Kozak ◽

Olena Savchenko ◽

Mariia Lunyk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biogas Production ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Sunflower Seeds ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Agricultural Biomass ◽

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Solid Liquid

As raw materials in bioenergy can be used agricultural residues formed in the process of harvesting crops and the process of their processing, in particular straw cereals, legumes, corn and sunflower seeds, etc. For energy needs, agricultural biomass is used by burning or processing into solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels. In the production of gaseous fuel in special plants - bioreactors, agricultural waste is formed not only as a source of energy - biogas, but also as excellent fertilizers. In this article, studies have shown that the amount of biogas produced depends on the type of biomass and fermentation time. The largest amount of biogas is produced within 10 days from the date of loading of organic biomass. It was found that the highest daily biogas production is formed from grass and grain silage, the maximum value of which is 1.76 m3. The smallest - from rapeseed silage – 0.33 m3.

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