scholarly journals Crude Glycerol as a Potential Feedstock for Future Energy via Thermochemical Conversion Processes: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12813
Author(s):  
Mohsin Raza ◽  
Abrar Inayat ◽  
Basim Abu-Jdayil
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Catalytic Steam Reforming

Biodiesel is an emerging substitute for petroleum-based products. It is considered an ecologically safe and sustainable fuel. The high cost of biodiesel production is linearly related to its feedstock. Crude glycerol, which is a by-product of the biodiesel industry, is also a major challenge that must be addressed. A large volume of crude glycerol needs to be disposed of, and this involves processing, dumping, and land requirements. This increases the cost of biodiesel production. One way to decrease the cost of biodiesel production is to utilize its by-product to make valuable products. Crude glycerol can be processed to produce a variety of chemicals and products. The present utilization of crude glycerol is not enough to bring down its surplus availability. Thermochemical conversion processes can utilize crude glycerol as a starting feedstock and convert it into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. The utilization of crude glycerol through integrated thermochemical conversion processes could lead to an integrated biorefinery. This review paper highlights the research scope for areas where crude glycerol could be utilized as a feedstock or co-feedstock in thermochemical conversion technology. Various thermochemical conversion processes, namely, gasification, pyrolysis, combustion, catalytic steam reforming, liquefaction, and supercritical water reforming, are discussed and shown to be highly suitable for the use of crude glycerol as an economical feedstock. It is found that the integration of crude glycerol with other thermochemical conversion processes for energy production is a promising option to overcome the challenges related to biodiesel production costs. Hence, this paper provides all the necessary information on the present utilization status of crude glycerol in thermochemical conversion processes, as well as identifying possible research gaps that could be filled by future research studies.

scholarly journals Monitoring the technological processes in the wood industry in order to make them more efficient through technical overhauling

2019 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Radu Dan Paltan ◽  
Cristina Biriş ◽  
Loredana Anne-Marie Rădulescu
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Research Article ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Cost

Of many techniques that are used to optimize production and costs, the studies conducted within a profile company lead to our choice for testing the 6Sigma method (the most used method in the automotive industry) in view of the economic efficiency applied in the wood Industry company. This method measures how many flaws exist in a process and determines in a systematic way how to improve it by technical overhauling and eliminating or minimizing the process for efficiency. This research article aims to study the state of research on the optimization of the production process through technical overhauling for panels reconstituted from solid wood and ways to make production more efficient by cutting costs through technical overhauling. From preliminary research, we estimate that all the items founded and others that will result from further research will result in a significant decrease in production costs that are reflected in the cost of the finished product and consequently in increasing the yield of the company by maximizing its profit. At the same time it may be the basis of future research studies in the field. The easier it is to maximize profits, the lower the operating costs are and the higher recovery rate of investments are, that will result a change in the operating mode: “working smarter not harder”.

scholarly journals The Emergent Global Marketing Challenges For Kerala Cardamom Producers Vis-à-Vis The Role Of The Spices Board Of India

10.28945/3709 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majo George ◽  
Elsa Cherian
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Marketing ◽  
Post Harvesting ◽  
The Cost

Aim/Purpose: Since the late 1980s the Indian monopoly on the export of Cardamom has suffered a sharp and devastating setback from which India cannot recover. The research is looking into the reasons and suggests remedies. Background: The main problems are the competition from Guatemala, higher production costs, an increasing domestic demand, the lack of action from the Spices Board of India Methodology : The methodology used was not the conventional one, with an aim to obtain truthful and unbiased responses from all those involved using a mixture of all available methods. Contribution: The paper focuses on the provocations, limitations and seriousness of the situation and highlights the facts and figures to make the plantation sector to regain its prosperity. Findings: Lack of awareness among the farmers about the latest farming and post harvesting technologies and marketing strategies. Recommendations for Practitioners: This paper suggests measures to be taken by the cardamom farmers and the market intermediaries, and analyses the future role of the Spices Board of India Recommendation for Researchers: Further detailed studies are needed to ascertain current market share of the main competitors, to reduce the cost of production Impact on Society: If the findings in this paper are followed, the Indian Cardamom industry could retain its previous position in the market Future Research: Studies can be done export market, the use technology and export.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF POWER IN ASPECTS OF ENERGY PRODUCTION PRICES FOR FUEL ENERGY GENERATORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
Konrad Zuchora
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the impact of a fuel-consuming power generator on energy production costs. The research is based on a thermodynamic engine model for which the energy source is hydrocarbon fuel. The results of the studies on the thermodynamic engine are energy cost functions for which the variable is electrical power. The presented characteristics reflect the impact of fuel prices on the minima of the cost function. In addition, the characteristics reflect the location of the extremes of functions in the coordinate system relative to the maximum of the function of efficiency. The article concludes with a cost model for thermodynamic engines for which hydrocarbon fuel is purchased. Article proposes the cooperation of generators with renewable sources to increase and stabilize the power rating of power systems.

scholarly journals Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel From Microalgae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazifa Rafa ◽  
Shams Forruque Ahmed ◽  
Irfan Anjum Badruddin ◽  
M. Mofijur ◽  
Sarfaraz Kamangar
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Generation Biofuel

Third-generation biofuel produced from microalgae is a viable solution to global energy insecurity and climate change. Despite an annual current global algal biomass production of 38 million litres, commercialization confronts significant economic challenges. However, cost minimization strategies, particularly for microalgae cultivation, have largely been excluded from recent studies. Therefore, this review provides essential insights into the technologies and economics of cost minimization strategies for large-scale applications. Cultivation of microalgae through aquafarming, in wastewater, or for biogas upgrading, and co-production of value-added products (VAPs) such as photo-bioreactors, protein, astaxanthin, and exopolysaccharides can drastically reduce biodiesel production costs. For instance, the co-production of photo-bioreactors and astaxanthin can reduce the cost of biodiesel production from $3.90 to $0.54 per litre. Though many technical challenges need to be addressed, the economic analysis reveals that incorporating such cost-effective strategies can make the biorefinery concept feasible and profitable. The cost of producing microalgal biodiesel can be lowered to $0.73kg−1 dry weight when cultivated in wastewater or $0.54L−1 when co-produced with VAPs. Most importantly, access to co-product markets with higher VAPs needs to be encouraged as the global market for microalgae-based VAPs is estimated to rise to $53.43 billion in 2026. Therefore, policies that incentivize research and development, as well as the production and consumption of microalgae-based biodiesel, are important to reduce the large gap in production cost that persists between biodiesel and petroleum diesel.

State of Knowledge of Economic Value of Current and Improved Hurricane Forecasts

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sutter ◽  
Bradley T. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Academic Quality ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
National Hurricane Center ◽  
Center Research

AbstractThis paper surveys the literature on the value of current and potentially improved hurricane forecasts from the National Hurricane Center. Research on the societal impacts of hurricanes demonstrates that forecasts are likely generating substantial benefits to society in a variety of uses, including saving lives in the U. S. and across the Carribean and Eastern Pacific, reducing the cost of evacuations, improving supply chain management, and in the transportation and energy production and distribution sectors. The existing literature, however, fails generally to quantify the benefits with rigor sufficient for an academic quality benefit-cost analysis of hurricane forecasts. The paper offers several suggestions for future research to more precisely estimate the benefits attributable to current or improved forecasts.

NOMINAL DESIGN AND OPERATING PARAMETERS OF AQUATUBULAR STEAM GENERATORS FEED BY SOLID, LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS: A CASE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Mazzette Souza ◽  
Wellington Balmant ◽  
JOSÉ VIRIATO COELHO VARGAS ◽  
Fernando Bóçon
Keyword(s):  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Steam Generators ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Solid Liquid

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

Attraction of prey

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Horner ◽  
Bartosz J. Płachno ◽  
Ulrike Bauer ◽  
Bruno Di Giusto
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Synergistic Action ◽  
Carnivorous Plants ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Prey Attraction

The ability to attract prey has long been considered a universal trait of carnivorous plants. We review studies from the past 25 years that have investigated the mechanisms by which carnivorous plants attract prey to their traps. Potential attractants include nectar, visual, olfactory, and acoustic cues. Each of these has been well documented to be effective in various species, but prey attraction is not ubiquitous among carnivorous plants. Directions for future research, especially in native habitats in the field, include: the qualitative and quantitative analysis of visual cues, volatiles, and nectar; temporal changes in attractants; synergistic action of combinations of attractants; the cost of attractants; and responses to putative attractants in electroantennograms and insect behavioral tests.

scholarly journals An explanatory study of the use of e-mail investor communication by South African listed companies

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roelof Baard ◽  
George Nel
Keyword(s):  
Listed Companies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Interactive Communication ◽  
Handling Performance ◽  
Corporate Websites ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost ◽  
E Mail

Background: Although research shows that almost all listed companies have corporate websites with dedicated investor relations (IR) sections that enable companies to ‘push’ information to investors, it was argued that such an asymmetrical approach to communication is insufficient for companies wishing to exercise good IR. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of the Internet to act as a mechanism to achieve more interactive communication between companies and investors.Objectives: The objectives of the study were to measure the responsiveness, timeliness and relevance of companies’ responses to e-mail requests, and to test for the determinants (size, market-to-book ratio, profitability, leverage and liquidity) thereof.Method: The mystery investor approach and a content analysis were used to study the e-mail handling performance of companies. The associations between company-specific characteristics were statistically tested.Results: It was found that the e-mail handling performance of companies in this study was poor compared with previous studies. Significant relationships between company size and responsiveness and relevance, and between market-to-book ratio and relevance were reported, as well as between the contact method used to request information and relevance and the use of social media and timeliness.Conclusion: Specific areas where companies could improve their investor communications were identified. The need for further research was discussed to explain some of the relationships found, as well as those not found, in contrast to what was expected. Future research is warranted to examine the relationship between the e-mail handling performance of companies and information asymmetry and the cost of equity of companies.

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