Potentiation Effects of Ficus sycomorus Active Fraction Against Permethrin-Resistant Field-Population of Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae)

Field population of Spodoptera litura from tomato ( resistant to the majority of the conventional insecticide molecules) were subjected to the in vivo toxicity of spinetoram 12 SC to assess whether cross resistance exists or not. Untreated larvae of both field and laboratory strains showed no mortality during 48 hours of feeding. After 48 hours of feeding on spinetoram 12 SC treated leaves, LC50s of field larvae were 0.28, 0.93, 3.71 and 7.11 ppm for the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars of S. litura respectively. However, in the laboratory strain these values were 1.12, 5.86, 36.72 and 91.55 ppm for 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars of S. litura respectively. Resistance ratio was 0.25, 0.16, 0.10 and 0.08 for the 2nd instar up to the 5th instar of S. litura.

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Residual insecticide efficacy on field population of Diaphorina citri in California

10.1603/ice.2016.110258 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Nastaran Tofangsazi

Keyword(s):

Field Population ◽

Diaphorina Citri ◽

Insecticide Efficacy

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Epigenetic effects in the African malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii

10.1603/ice.2016.114792 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Kerry A Maguschak

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Coluzzii ◽

Malaria Mosquito ◽

Epigenetic Effects

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Verbascum sinaiticum: A Rich Source of Antioxidant Phenylethanoid Glycosides

The Natural Products Journal ◽

10.2174/2210315509666190129160405 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 158-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Humaira Yasmeen Gondal ◽

Roshan Zamir ◽

Muhammad Nisar ◽

Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Active Fraction ◽

Phenylethanoid Glycosides ◽

Active Constituents ◽

Soluble Part

Background: The genus Verbascum is well documented for its antioxidant potential but Verbascum sinaiticum is comparatively less studied plant. The current study was carried out to search for antioxidant nutraceuticals from this species. Objective: To explore the antioxidant potential of Verbascum sinaiticum and to identify its active constituents. Methods: The methanolic extract of air-dried aerial part of the Verbascum sinaiticum was partitioned with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The water-soluble part of ethyl acetate afforded six phenylethanoid glycosides by repeated chromatography over Sephadex LH-20, silica gel and ODS columns. Antioxidant activity of solvent extracts and isolated constituents were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results: Six phenylethanoid glycosides was isolated and characterized as Verbascoside, Eukovoside, Martynoside, Jionoside D, Campneoside I and Campneoside II, from the most active fraction. Conclusion: Verbascum sinaiticum demonstrated prospective antioxidant activity. The watersoluble part of EtOAc (WSEAE) was found the most active extract whereas Verbascoside was identified as the most potent constituent. All isolated compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activity whereas their synergistic effect was found prominent in the parent fraction.

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Antibacterial Activity Test of Extracts and Fractions of Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes Causing Acne

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2020/1975904 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Resmi Mustarichie ◽

Sulistiyaningsih Sulistyaningsih ◽

Dudi Runadi

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Propionibacterium Acnes ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Active Fraction ◽

Cassava Leaves ◽

Ethanol Extracts

This study is aimed at determining antibacterial activity from ethanol extracts and the most active fraction of cassava leaves against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Research carried out by the experimental method involved determination of plants, extraction with maceration method, fractionation with liquid-liquid extraction, antibacterial activity testing of extracts and fractions by agar diffusion method, determination of most active fraction from the extract, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) testing of most active fraction by microdilution method. The results showed that ethanol extracts of cassava leaves had antibacterial activity against both bacteria with the most active fraction indicated by ethyl acetate. MIC values of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis were in the concentration range of 2.5%–5.0% (w/v) and against P. acnes were in the concentration range of 1.25%–2.5% (w/v). The MBC value of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis was at a concentration of 5% (w/v), while P. acnes was at a concentration of 2.5% (w/v). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as on Propionibacterium acnes. The fraction with the best activity from the ethanol extract of cassava leaves to the two test bacteria was shown by ethyl acetate fraction. It is suggested that cassava leaves are possible to be developed into standardized antiacne herbal.

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Laboratory and microcosm experiments reveal contrasted adaptive responses to ammonia and water mineralisation in aquatic stages of the sibling species Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-020-04483-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nwamaka Oluchukwu Akpodiete ◽

Frédéric Tripet

Keyword(s):

West Africa ◽

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Emerging Adults ◽

Sibling Species ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Ecological Speciation ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Rice Fields ◽

Anopheles Coluzzii ◽

Phenotypic Quality

Abstract Background The sibling species of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii co-exist in many parts of West Africa and are thought to have recently diverged through a process of ecological speciation with gene flow. Divergent larval ecological adaptations, resulting in Genotype-by-Environment (G × E) interactions, have been proposed as important drivers of speciation in these species. In West Africa, An. coluzzii tends to be associated with permanent man-made larval habitats such as irrigated rice fields, which are typically more eutrophic and mineral and ammonia-rich than the temporary rain pools exploited by An. gambiae (s.s.) Methods To highlight G × E interactions at the larval stage and their possible role in ecological speciation of these species, we first investigated the effect of exposure to ammonium hydroxide and water mineralisation on larval developmental success. Mosquito larvae were exposed to two water sources and increasing ammonia concentrations in small containers until adult emergence. In a second experiment, larval developmental success was compared across two contrasted microcosms to highlight G × E interactions under conditions such as those found in the natural environment. Results The first experiment revealed significant G × E interactions in developmental success and phenotypic quality for both species in response to increasing ammonia concentrations and water mineralisation. The An. coluzzii strain outperformed the An. gambiae (s.s.) strain under limited conditions that were closer to more eutrophic habitats. The second experiment revealed divergent crisscrossing reaction norms in the developmental success of the sibling species in the two contrasted larval environments. As expected, An. coluzzii had higher emergence rates in the rice paddy environment with emerging adults of superior phenotypic quality compared to An. gambiae (s.s.), and vice versa, in the rain puddle environment. Conclusions Evidence for such G × E interactions lends support to the hypothesis that divergent larval adaptations to the environmental conditions found in man-made habitats such as rice fields in An. coluzzii may have been an important driver of its ecological speciation.

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Anopheles gambiae Genome Conservation as a Resource for Rational Gene Drive Target Site Selection

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12020097 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Nace Kranjc ◽

Andrea Crisanti ◽

Tony Nolan ◽

Federica Bernardini

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Data Storage ◽

Genomic Variation ◽

Malaria Vectors ◽

Anopheles Coluzzii ◽

Structural Constraints ◽

Gene Drive ◽

Genetic Traits ◽

A Genome ◽

Insight Into

The increase in molecular tools for the genetic engineering of insect pests and disease vectors, such as Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit malaria, has led to an unprecedented investigation of the genomic landscape of these organisms. The understanding of genome variability in wild mosquito populations is of primary importance for vector control strategies. This is particularly the case for gene drive systems, which look to introduce genetic traits into a population by targeting specific genomic regions. Gene drive targets with functional or structural constraints are highly desirable as they are less likely to tolerate mutations that prevent targeting by the gene drive and consequent failure of the technology. In this study we describe a bioinformatic pipeline that allows the analysis of whole genome data for the identification of highly conserved regions that can point at potential functional or structural constraints. The analysis was conducted across the genomes of 22 insect species separated by more than hundred million years of evolution and includes the observed genomic variation within field caught samples of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, the two most dominant malaria vectors. This study offers insight into the level of conservation at a genome-wide scale as well as at per base-pair resolution. The results of this analysis are gathered in a data storage system that allows for flexible extraction and bioinformatic manipulation. Furthermore, it represents a valuable resource that could provide insight into population structure and dynamics of the species in the complex and benefit the development and implementation of genetic strategies to tackle malaria.

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Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by chloroform fraction of Juniperus phoenicea and chemical constituents analysis

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2021-0195 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 119-127

Author(s):

Ibrahim O. Barnawi ◽

Fahd A. Nasr ◽

Omar M. Noman ◽

Ali S. Alqahtani ◽

Mohammed Al-zharani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Cell Cycle Arrest ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Active Fraction ◽

Cycle Arrest ◽

Juniperus Phoenicea ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

Mcf 7

Abstract Different phytochemicals from various plant species exhibit promising medicinal properties against cancer. Juniperus phoenicea is a plant species that has been found to present medicinal properties. Herein, crude extract and fractions of J. phoenicea were examined to determine its anticancer properties against several cancer cells. The active fraction was chosen to assess its activity on cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction by annexin and propidium iodide (PI) biomarkers. Further, phytochemical screening for possible contents of active fraction using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted. It was demonstrated that cell proliferation was suppressed, and the MCF-7 cell line was the most sensitive to J. phoenicea chloroform fraction (JPCF), with the IC50 values of 24.5 μg/mL. The anti-proliferation activity of JPCF in MCF-7 cells was linked to the aggregation of cells in the G1 phase, increases in early and late apoptosis as well as necrotic cell death. Contents analysis of JPCF using GC-MS analysis identified 3-methyl-5-(2′,6′,6′-trimethylcyclohex-1′-enyl)-1-penten-3-ol (16.5%), methyl 8-oxooctanoate (15.61%), cubenol (13.48%), and 7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane (12.14%) as major constituents. Our present study provides clear evidence that J. phoenicea can inhibit cell proliferation, trigger cell cycle arrest, and induce apoptosis in tested cancer cells.

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