scholarly journals The Importance of Common Currency Tasks in Translational Psychiatry

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Alexandra C. Pike ◽  
Millie Lowther ◽  
Oliver J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Affective Bias

Abstract Purpose of Review Common currency tasks are tasks that investigate the same phenomenon in different species. In this review, we discuss how to ensure the translational validity of common currency tasks, summarise their benefits, present recent research in this area and offer future directions and recommendations. Recent Findings We discuss the strengths and limitations of three specific examples where common currency tasks have added to our understanding of psychiatric constructs—affective bias, reversal learning and goal-based decision making. Summary Overall, common currency tasks offer the potential to improve drug discovery in psychiatry. We recommend that researchers prioritise construct validity above face validity when designing common currency tasks and suggest that the evidence for construct validity is summarised in papers presenting research in this area.

قياس مهارات التفكير الناقد وعلاقتها بالتحصيل الرياضي لدى طلبة قسم الرياضيات

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 559-592
Author(s):  
عبود جواد راضي
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Face Validity

هدف البحث الحالي الى قياس قياس مستوى توافر التفكير الناقد لدى طلبة المرحلة الرابعة في قسم الرياضيات وقياسها بحسب متغير الجنس (ذكور – اناث) لمعرفة دلالة الفروق الاحصائية بين الطلاب والطالبات وتحديد نوعية العلاقة الارتباطية وقوتها واتجاهها لدى طلبة هذه المرحلة ووضع الباحث فرضيتين صفريتين. ولتحقيق هذه الاهداف طبق البحث الحالي على عينة عشوائية مكونة من (100) طالب وطالبة بواقع (62) طالباً و (38) طالبة وقام الباحث ببناء أداتين لتحقيق اهداف البحث الحالي وهما مقياس التفكير الناقد الذي تكون بصيغة النهائية من (54) فقرة واختبار التحصيل الرياضي الذي تكون بصيغة النهائية من (54) فقرة وتم اعتماد الاختبار الموضوعي من الاختيار من متعدد ذات الاربعة بدائل للإجابة ، واحدة منها تحمل الاجابة الصحيحة  والاجابات الثلاثة الاخرى هي اجابات خاطئة وأعطيت درجة واحدة للإجابة الصحيحة ودرجة صفر للإجابة الخاطئة لكلا الاداتين وتم ايجاد القوة التمييزية ومعامل الصعوبة وفعالية البدائل الخاطئة والصدق الظاهري (Face validity) وصدق التركيب (البناء) (Construct validity) لهما. واستخرج معامل الثبات لمقياس التفكير الناقد بطريقة اعادة الاختبار ((Test.Re.Test) ومعامل الفاكرونباخ( Cronbach's Al-pha)  وطريقة التجزئة النصفية split half method واستخرج  معامل ثبات اختبار التحصيل الرياضي بطرية الاتساق الداخلي من خلال استعمال معادلة (كيودر ريتشاردسون 20) وتم اعداد هذا الاختبار التحصيلي من خلال جدول المواصفات او الخارطة الاختبارية واتضح ان جميع فقرات هاتين الاداتين صالحة للقياس وحللت نتائج البحث الحالي بعدة وسائل احصائية منها الاختبار التائي (T.test) لعينة واحدة ولعينتين مستقلتين (منفصلتين) والاختبار الزائي (Z.test) والتي كان من ابرازها وجود مستوى جيد ومقبول من مهارات التفكير الناقد لدى طلبة المرحلة الرابعة في قسم الرياضيات وان هناك فرق ذو دلالة احصائية في هذه المهارات بحسب متغير الجنس ولصالح الاناث (الطالبات) وكذلك اثارت النتائج الى وجود علاقة ارتباطية قوية وموجبة بين مهارات التفكير الناقد والتحصيل الرياضي لدى عينة البحث الحالي وتقدم الباحث بعدد من التوصيات و المقترحات

scholarly journals The Multifocal Approach to Sharing in Shared Decision Making: A Critical Appraisal of the MAPPIN’SDM

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272989X2110107
Author(s):  
David Forner ◽  
Christopher W. Noel ◽  
Laura Boland ◽  
Arwen H. Pieterse ◽  
Cornelia M. Borkhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Property Assessment

Objective Shared decision making integrates health care provider expertise with patient values and preferences. The MAPPIN’SDM is a recently developed measurement instrument that incorporates physician, patient, and observer perspectives during medical consultations. This review sought to critically appraise the development, sensibility, reliability, and validity of the MAPPIN’SDM and to determine in which settings it has been used. Methods This critical appraisal was performed through a targeted review of the literature. Articles outlining the development or measurement property assessment of the MAPPIN’SDM or that used the instrument for predictor or outcome purposes were identified. Results Thirteen studies were included. The MAPPIN’SDM was developed by both adapting and building on previous shared decision making measurement instruments, as well as through creation of novel items. Content validity, face validity, and item quality of the MAPPIN’SDM are adequate. Internal consistency ranged from 0.91 to 0.94 and agreement statistics from 0.41 to 0.92. The MAPPIN’SDM has been evaluated in several populations and settings, ranging from chronic disease to acute oncological settings. Limitations include high reading levels required for self-administered patient questionnaires and the small number of studies that have employed the instrument to date. Conclusion The MAPPIN’SDM generally shows adequate development, sensibility, reliability, and validity in preliminary testing and holds promise for shared decision making research integrating multiple perspectives. Further research is needed to develop its use in other patient populations and to assess patient understanding of complex item wording.

scholarly journals Development of the Adult Pandemic Attitude Scale (A-PAS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6311
Author(s):  
Mihyeon Seong ◽  
Juyoung Park ◽  
Soojin Chung ◽  
Sohyune Sok
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Development Step

This study aimed to develop an instrument for measuring the attitudes that reflect the characteristics of the pandemic (Adult Pandemic Attitude Scale (A-PAS)) and verifying its validity and reliability. This study used a methodological research design and was conducted with a development step and an evaluation step. The development step included development of preliminary items, content validity, face validity, and preliminary investigation. The evaluation step included item analysis, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, criterion validity, factor naming, reliability, and completion of the final instrument. The A-PAS developed in this study consisted of a total of 20 items in five dimensions. The internal consistency of 20 items of the A-PAS, Cronbach’s α was 0.92 for 20 items, Cronbach’s α for each factor, a subscale of instrument, was 0.61~0.87 and Raykov’s p coefficient of each factor, which is a subscale of the tool, was found to be 0.60 to 0.88. Analysis of construct validity showed the results as follows: χ2 (p) = 134.05 (p < 0.001), RMSEA = 0.02, RMR = 0.02, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.99. The study findings suggest that the developed instrument can be utilized to measure the attitudes of adults toward pandemics, and reflect the reality of the pandemic situation. The outcomes can be used as valuable data for intervention, prevention activities, and policy preparation. The instrument will be applied in the event of a pandemic, such as COVID-19, and will be helpful in promoting the health of the people.

scholarly journals Shared decision-making in the People’s Republic of China: current status and future directions

2015 ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongchong Huang ◽  
Michael R. Gionfriddo ◽  
Aaron Leppin ◽  
Henry H. Ting ◽  
Lizhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The People

Social Media-Specific Epistemological Beliefs: A Scale Development Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 478-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Celik
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Preservice Teachers ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Epistemological Beliefs ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
State University ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Validity Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Environments

Social media users should have a critical approach and look at any of knowledge in social media environments through a rational lens outside of their personal beliefs. In the era of posttruth, the rational lens concerns the epistemological beliefs that are about questioning the source of knowledge and perceive knowledge with criticism. The purpose of this study was to develop the social media-specific epistemological beliefs scale. The dimensions for the scale to be developed in the study were determined on the basis of a theoretical structure earlier proposed in the literature. The development of the social media-specific epistemological beliefs scale consisted of five stages: creating item pool, content and face validity analysis, construct validity analysis, reliability analysis, and language validity analysis. The study group created to analyze the construct validity of the scale consists of 432 preservice teachers who are studying in the education faculty of a large state university in Turkey. As a result of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the social media-specific epistemological beliefs scale was found to be composed of 15 items as a five-point Likert-type, which was fallen under three factors. Findings on the social media-specific epistemological beliefs scale showed that the scale was valid and reliable.

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