Sleep disturbance among frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Objective Patients undergoing haemodialysis may experience troubling symptoms such as fatigue, anxiety, depression and sleep quality, which may affect their quality of life. The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of fatigue, anxiety, depression and sleep quality among patients receiving haemodialysis during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and to explore the contributing predictors. Methods A cross-sectional and descriptive correlational design using Qualtrics software was performed. Data were collected using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue (FACT-F), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the predictors that were associated with fatigue, anxiety, depression and sleep quality. Results Of the 123 patients undergoing haemodialysis who participated, 53.7% (n = 66) reported fatigue, 43.9% (n = 54) reported anxiety, 33.3% (n = 41) reported depression and 56.9% (n = 70) reported poor sleep. Fatigue, anxiety and sleep quality (P < .05) were significantly associated with being female, and whether family members or relatives were suspected or confirmed with COVID-19. Logistic regression showed that being within the age group 31–40, having a secondary education level, anxiety, depression and sleep quality were the main predictors affecting the fatigue group. Conclusion Fatigue, anxiety, depression and sleep quality are significant problems for patients receiving haemodialysis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Appropriate interventions to monitor and reduce fatigue, psychological problems and sleep quality amongst these patients are needed. This can help to strengthen preparations for responding to possible future outbreaks or pandemics of infectious diseases for patients receiving haemodialysis.

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Prevalence, Correlations, and Impact of Sleep Disturbance in Chinese Meningioma Patients

10.21203/rs.3.rs-407966/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dandan Zhang ◽

Jing Wang ◽

Xixi Gu ◽

Zhifeng Gu ◽

Liren Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Sleep Disturbance ◽

Short Form ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Chi Square Analysis

Abstract Purpose Sleep disturbance is common in meningioma patients and may lead to disease aggravation and decreases health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, the sleep quality of meningioma patients newly diagnosed and ready for surgery has not been well clarified in China. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, correlates, and impact of sleep disturbance among Chinese meningioma patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, meningioma patients were recruited from the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from January 2020 to November 2020. A series of questionnaires were applied: the 0–10 Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Short-Form 36 (SF-36), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Independent samples t test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square analysis, Pearson/Spearman correlation, and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results 100 meningioma patients completed the questionnaires. Sleep disturbance affected 43% of the meningioma patients and was linked to many concomitant symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, anxiety and depression. Binary logistic regression indicated that fatigue and headache were predictors of sleep disturbance in meningioma patients. Meanwhile, severe sleep disturbance led to lower quality of life. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that a considerable number of meningioma patients newly diagnosed and ready for surgery suffered from sleep disturbance, potentially contributing to impair HRQoL. Medical personnel should pay more attention to meningioma patients with sleep disturbance and take effective measures to improve sleep quality, with the ultimate goal to improve their HRQoL.

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Prevalence and risk factors of restless legs syndrome in patients of migraine without aura

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20195169 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 1706

Author(s):

Karthik Nagaraj ◽

Ramesh Patil

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Restless Legs Syndrome ◽

Migraine Without Aura ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Poor Sleep Quality ◽

Restless Legs ◽

Midas Questionnaire

Background: An association between migraine and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) has been proposed due to shared dopaminergic dysfunction. Both have substantial effects on the quality of life. Identifying co morbidities of migraine helps in optimizing patient management. Objectives To study the prevalence of RLS in patients of migraine without aura, and associated co morbidities of RLS.Methods: This was a hospital based prospective observational study. All patients diagnosed as Migraine without aura as per ICHD-3 criteria completed the questions regarding migraine headache, Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) Rating Scale. RLS was diagnosed using the IRLSSG criteria. Serological investigations were done to look for secondary causes of RLS.Results: Out of 200 consecutive patients of migraine without aura were included in the study over a period of 18 months. Frequency of RLS was 13.5% (n=27). All patients had primary RLS. Mean PSQI score was higher in the patients of migraine without aura with RLS than in non RLS patients of migraine without aura (3.30±2.66 vs 2.24±2.03 p≤0.0168). Poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression was found in 9%, 8% and 2.5% respectively in patients of migraine without aura.Conclusions: An association between migraine without aura and RLS was demonstrated. Migraine without aura was associated with increased frequency of poor sleep quality, anxiety and depression.

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Quality of sleep and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS on follow up at Ethiopian Zewditu Memorial Hospital,2018

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26745/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nebiyu Mengistu ◽

Telake Azale ◽

Solomon Yimer ◽

Mahilet Fikreyesus ◽

Elsa Melaku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Sleep Disturbance ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Quality Of Sleep ◽

Poor Sleep Quality ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv Aids

Abstract Background: Sleep disturbance is a common complaint in people living with HIV/AIDS. Despite the influence of sleep disturbance on treatment adherence, quality of life, work productivity, risk of chronic illness, it remains under-recognized and under-studied in Ethiopia. Therefore it is necessary to produce scientific evidence to fill the knowledge gap and areas of management. The current study aimed to assess sleep quality and its associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was utilized among 408 participants who were selected by a systematic random sampling technique at Zewditu memorial hospital from April to May 2018. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire was used to measure sleep quality. Ethical clearance was obtained from the joint ethics committee of the University of Gondar and Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital. Oral informed consent was obtained from each participant. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted. Odds ratios (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was computed. Results: The magnitude of poor sleep quality was 55.6%. Being female [AOR=3.40, 95% CI: (1.80, 6.41)], depression [AOR =3.52, 95% CI: (1.95, 6.32)], CD4count ≤ 200 cells/mm3 [AOR=3.18,95%CI: (1.65,6.13)], duration of HIV/AIDS diagnosis [AOR=3.43,95% CI: (1.61,7.29)], current use of tobacco [AOR=5.69, 95% CI: (2.04,15.9)] and chat or caffeinated drinks [AOR=2.65, 95% CI: (1.06,6.64)] and poor sleep hygiene [AOR=3.55, 95% CI: (1.85, 6.78)] were significantly associated with poor sleep quality.Conclusions: More than half of the study participants were found to have poor sleep quality. A range factors influence quality of sleep of people with HIV/AIDS. Routine screening of sleep condition among people living with HIV/AIDS and early intervention based on the findings is suggested.

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The prevalence of poor sleep quality and its associated factors in patients with interstitial lung disease: a cross-sectional analysis

ERJ Open Research ◽

10.1183/23120541.00062-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 00062-2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jin-Gun Cho ◽

Alan Teoh ◽

Mary Roberts ◽

John Wheatley

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Interstitial Lung Disease ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Lung Disease ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Poor Sleep Quality ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sectional Analysis

BackgroundMany patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) experience poor sleep quality, which may contribute to decreased quality of life. Sleep disordered breathing is commonly associated with ILD but there is less information on other factors that may contribute to poor sleep quality.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 101 patients with a diagnosis of ILD at a pulmonary rehabilitation assessment clinic. We assessed the prevalence of poor sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine factors independently associated with poor sleep quality.ResultsMedian forced expiratory volume in 1 s was 64% predicted (interquartile range (IQR) 50–77%) and vital capacity was 62% predicted (IQR 48–78%). 67 (66%) out of 101 patients reported poor sleep quality. The median PSQI was 8 units (IQR 4–11 units). There were no significant differences in physical or physiological parameters including age, sex distribution, body mass index or spirometry values between subjects with good sleep quality and those with poor sleep quality (all p>0.1). Multivariable logistic regression showed that depression (p=0.003) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (p=0.03) were independently associated with poor sleep quality.ConclusionPoor sleep quality is common in patients with ILD and is independently associated with increasing symptoms of depression and sleepiness. Routine assessment of sleep quality should be undertaken and interventions targeting depression and coexisting sleep disorders may be required in symptomatic patients to determine if sleep quality and ultimately, health-related quality of life improves as a result.

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The effect of mental health on sleep quality of front-line medical staff during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: A cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0253753 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0253753

Author(s):

Leiyu Yue ◽

Rui Zhao ◽

Qingqing Xiao ◽

Yu Zhuo ◽

Jianying Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Medical Staff ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Front Line ◽

Poor Sleep Quality ◽

Cross Sectional

Background The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to the mental health and sleep quality of front-line medical staff (FMS). The aim of this study was to investigate the sleep quality of FMS during the COVID-19 outbreak in China and analyze the relationship between mental health and sleep quality of FMS. Methods From February 24, 2020 to March 22, 2020, a cross-sectional study was performed with 543 FMS from a medical center in Western China. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data anonymously. The following tests were used: The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) for symptoms of anxiety, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depressive symptoms, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality assessment. Results Of the 543 FMS, 216 (39.8%) were classified as subjects with poor sleep quality. Anxiety (P<0.001), depression (P<0.001), and the prevalence of those divorced or widowed (P<0.05) were more common in FMS with poor sleep quality than in participants with good sleep quality. The FMS exhibiting co-occurrence of anxiety and depression were associated with worse scores on sleep quality than those medical staff in the other three groups/categories. The difference in sleep quality between the FMS with only depression and the FMS experiencing co-occurrence of anxiety and depression was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in sleep quality between the FMS experiencing only anxiety and the FMS with co-occurrence of anxiety and depression (P > 0.05). Conclusions During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a noteworthy increase in the prevalence of negative emotions and sentiments among the medical staff, along with poor overall sleep quality. We anticipate that this study can stimulate more research into the mental state of FMS during outbreaks and other public health emergencies. In addition, particular attention must be paid to enhance the sleep quality of FMS, along with better planning and support for FMS who are continuously exposed to the existing viral epidemic by virtue of the nature of their profession.

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Chất lượng giấc ngủ và các yếu tố liên quan ở bệnh nhân ung thư tại Bệnh viện Trường Đại học Y Dược Huế

Journal of Clinical Medicine- Hue Central Hospital ◽

10.38103/jcmhch.2021.71.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xuan Dung Ho

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Quality Of Sleep ◽

Poor Sleep Quality ◽

Related Factors ◽

Falling Asleep

TÓM TẮT Giới thiệu: Các rối loạn về giấc ngủ: khó khăn khi đi vào giấc ngủ, duy trì giấc ngủ, chất lượng giấc ngủ kém, dậy sớm và ngủ ban ngày quá nhiều mà bệnh nhân ung thư phải trải qua thường xuyên nhưng thường hay bị bỏ sót và chưa được chú ý đến. Mục tiêu: Đánh giá chất lượng giấc ngủ và tìm hiểu các yếu tố liên quan đến chất lượng giấc ngủ ở bệnh nhân ung thư đang được điều trị tại bệnh viện trường đại học Y dược Huế. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Phương pháp nghiên cứu cắt ngang trên 104 bệnh nhân ung thư tại Khoa Ung Bướu, bệnh viện trường Đại học Y dược Huế. Sử dụng thang đo PSQI và PHQ-ADS để đánh giá chất lượng giấc ngủ, và tình trạng trầm cảm lo âu ở bệnh nhân ung thư. Phân tích hồi quy đa biến tuyến tính dùng để kiểm định mối tương quan giữa chất lượng giấc ngủ và các yếu tố liên quan. Kết quả: Đối tượng nghiên cứu có độ tuổi trung bình 59,6 ± 11,7. Điểm PSQI trung bình chất lượng giấc ngủ là 10,6 ± 5,2. Phần lớn bệnh nhân có chất lượng giấc ngủ kém (79,8%); trong đó, 50% bệnh nhân gặp trở ngại lớn để đi vào giấc ngủ, có đến 46,2% chỉ ngủ được 5 giờ trong một đêm. Có mối liên quan có ý nghĩa thống kê giữa chất lượng giấc ngủ với giới tính và tình trạng trầm cảm, lo âu (p < 0,05). Kết luận: Bệnh nhân ung thư thường có chất lượng giấc ngủ kém. Điều này cho thấy giấc ngủ của bệnh nhân cần được quan tâm đúng mức và không nên bỏ sót trong quá trình chẩn đoán và điều trị. Từ khóa: Chất lượng giấc ngủ, bệnh nhân ung thư, trầm cảm lo âu. ABSTRACT QUALITY OF SLEEP AND RELATED FACTORS AMONG CANCER PATIENTS IN HUE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL Introduction: Sleep disorders such as difficulty in falling asleep, maintaining sleep, poor sleep efficiency, early awakening and excessive daytime sleepiness are among the adverse effects that are experienced frequently but they are widely underdiagnosed. Therefore, addressing problems related to sleep among cancer patients could carry out better implications to improve quality of sleep, enhancing treatment outcomes. Aim: To evaluate quality of sleep and to detect associated factors of sleep quality among cancer patients. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 104 cancer patients treated at the Oncology Department, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy hospital. Sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), severity of anxiety and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire - Anxiety and Depression Scale) were accessed in the present study. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association between sleep quality and its related factors. Results: The mean age of study population was 59.6 ± 11.7. The average PSQI score was 10.6 ± 5.2. 79.8% cancer patients had poor sleep quality (PSQI score > 5). 50% patients had difficulty falling asleep and 46.2% patients reported sleep of < 5 hours per day. There were statistically associations between quality of sleep and gender, depression/anxiety (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of cancer patients had poor sleep quality. This study points out that sleep is of great importance among cancer patients, which should not be neglected during the diagnosis and treatment procedure. Keyword: Quality of sleep, cancer patient, depression, anxiety.

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Chất lượng giấc ngủ và các yếu tố liên quan ở bệnh nhân ung thư tại Bệnh viện Trường Đại học Y Dược Huế

Journal of Clinical Medicine- Hue Central Hospital ◽

10.38103/10.38103/jcmhch.2021.71.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mai Nguyen Phuong

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Quality Of Sleep ◽

Poor Sleep Quality ◽

Related Factors ◽

Falling Asleep

TÓM TẮT Giới thiệu: Các rối loạn về giấc ngủ: khó khăn khi đi vào giấc ngủ, duy trì giấc ngủ, chất lượng giấc ngủ kém, dậy sớm và ngủ ban ngày quá nhiều mà bệnh nhân ung thư phải trải qua thường xuyên nhưng thường hay bị bỏ sót và chưa được chú ý đến. Mục tiêu: Đánh giá chất lượng giấc ngủ và tìm hiểu các yếu tố liên quan đến chất lượng giấc ngủ ở bệnh nhân ung thư đang được điều trị tại bệnh viện trường đại học Y dược Huế. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Phương pháp nghiên cứu cắt ngang trên 104 bệnh nhân ung thư tại Khoa Ung Bướu, bệnh viện trường Đại học Y dược Huế. Sử dụng thang đo PSQI và PHQ-ADS để đánh giá chất lượng giấc ngủ, và tình trạng trầm cảm lo âu ở bệnh nhân ung thư. Phân tích hồi quy đa biến tuyến tính dùng để kiểm định mối tương quan giữa chất lượng giấc ngủ và các yếu tố liên quan. Kết quả: Đối tượng nghiên cứu có độ tuổi trung bình 59,6 ± 11,7. Điểm PSQI trung bình chất lượng giấc ngủ là 10,6 ± 5,2. Phần lớn bệnh nhân có chất lượng giấc ngủ kém (79,8%); trong đó, 50% bệnh nhân gặp trở ngại lớn để đi vào giấc ngủ, có đến 46,2% chỉ ngủ được 5 giờ trong một đêm. Có mối liên quan có ý nghĩa thống kê giữa chất lượng giấc ngủ với giới tính và tình trạng trầm cảm, lo âu (p < 0,05). Kết luận: Bệnh nhân ung thư thường có chất lượng giấc ngủ kém. Điều này cho thấy giấc ngủ của bệnh nhân cần được quan tâm đúng mức và không nên bỏ sót trong quá trình chẩn đoán và điều trị. Từ khóa: Chất lượng giấc ngủ, bệnh nhân ung thư, trầm cảm lo âu. ABSTRACT QUALITY OF SLEEP AND RELATED FACTORS AMONG CANCER PATIENTS IN HUE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL Introduction: Sleep disorders such as difficulty in falling asleep, maintaining sleep, poor sleep efficiency, early awakening and excessive daytime sleepiness are among the adverse effects that are experienced frequently but they are widely underdiagnosed. Therefore, addressing problems related to sleep among cancer patients could carry out better implications to improve quality of sleep, enhancing treatment outcomes. Aim: To evaluate quality of sleep and to detect associated factors of sleep quality among cancer patients. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 104 cancer patients treated at the Oncology Department, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy hospital. Sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), severity of anxiety and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire - Anxiety and Depression Scale) were accessed in the present study. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association between sleep quality and its related factors. Results: The mean age of study population was 59.6 ± 11.7. The average PSQI score was 10.6 ± 5.2. 79.8% cancer patients had poor sleep quality (PSQI score > 5). 50% patients had difficulty falling asleep and 46.2% patients reported sleep of < 5 hours per day. There were statistically associations between quality of sleep and gender, depression/anxiety (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of cancer patients had poor sleep quality. This study points out that sleep is of great importance among cancer patients, which should not be neglected during the diagnosis and treatment procedure. Keyword: Quality of sleep, cancer patient, depression, anxiety.

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QOLP-28. PREOPERATIVE SLEEP DISTURBANCE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH QUALITY OF LIFE IN ADULT BRAIN TUMOR PATIENTS

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.753 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. ii181-ii181

Author(s):

Pin-Yuan Chen ◽

Hsiao-Yean Chiu ◽

Pei-Ching Lin

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Brain Tumor ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Sleep Disturbance ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Tumor Patients

Abstract BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are common complaints in adult brain tumor patients and impact their quality of life profoundly. The prevalence and pattern of preoperative sleep disturbances are still unknown. MATERIAL AND METHOD There were 36 adult patients with primary brain tumors who were recruited before craniotomy. All participants completed a battery of questionnaires, including the Athens Insomnia Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Brief Fatigue Inventory, Hospital Anxiety, and Depression Scale, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, and EORTC-QLQ-BN20. Actigraphy was put on a non-dominant wrist for obtaining objective sleep parameters, such as the dichotomy index. RESULT The prevalence of preoperative insomnia, poor sleep quality, excessive daytimes sleepiness, and circadian disruption were all high but similar between benign and malignant brain tumor groups. Patients with glioma had poorer quality of life. Insomnia was the only sleep disturbance that significantly associated with quality of life in a multivariate linear regression modal. CONCLUSION Sleep disturbances are common in adult brain tumor patients. Insomnia worse the quality of life of these patients. A further longitudinal investigation of sleep disturbances and quality of life in brain tumor patients is worthful.

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Depression Symptoms and Sleep Quality during COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran: A National Cross-Sectional Study

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.5812/ijpbs.108500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Samaneh Torkian ◽

Elham Akhlaghi ◽

Vahid Khosravi ◽

Reza Etesami ◽

Ali Ahmadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Economic Status ◽

Depression Scale ◽

World Health ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Poor Sleep Quality ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Depression

Background: Coronavirus 2019 is a new infectious disease that has been declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic. This pandemic may have psychological effects on populations. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the quality of sleep and depression in the Iranian community during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional web-based study was conducted from April 19 to May 12, 2020 in Iran. The data collection tools were the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Depression Center for Epidemiologic Studies’ Depression Scale questionnaires. Each province in Iran was assumed as a cluster, and generalized estimating equations models were used to determine the demographic variables that were related to depression symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak Results: In this study, 73.5% and 41.4% of the participants had poor sleep quality and had depression symptoms, respectively. Perceived income, hours spent outdoors, the number of people with COVID-19 that were acquainted with, and a history of depression significantly were related to sleep quality. Also, gender, age, having a child, education level, economic status, and a history of depression were significantly associated with having depression symptoms. Conclusions: Most participants had poor sleep quality, and less than half had depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. These problems can disturb daily routines, cut social ties, and increase worries and fears of the future. Interventions are necessary to reduce psychological problems for Iran.

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