scholarly journals On the replacement of steel by NITINOL as coupling agent in automobile shaft

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lokanath Barik ◽  
Saswat Samal ◽  
Ajit Behera ◽  
Dipen Kumar Rajak ◽  
Catalin I. Pruncu
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vibration Damping ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Coupling Structure ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Technology Industries

AbstractAutomobile couplings generally fail due to excessive misalignment in shafts and torque overload which ultimately generates vibration in the assembly. These vibrations weaken the coupling structure and ultimately get transmitted to the shaft leading to fatigue failure. Additionally, the complexity in the design of standard coupling is related to lower durability. In this system, when the radial space is larger, it triggers a bulkier transmission. Shape memory alloy such as NITINOL is a special class of smart material that possesses superelasticity which means it can retain deformation of about 8%. This material has a high degree of strength, greater elastic and shear modulus than existing coupling materials, such as steel, and has unique vibration damping features. Coupling made of NITINOL is simple in design and requires lesser space with minimal maintenance. They provide higher durability and are much reliable in operation over a wide range of temperatures. This paper aims to review the NITINOL material used in coupling technology industries and the parameters governing its shape memory effect. The knowledge gathered from this work enables to further extend the technological contribution to NiTi coupling at large-scale production in the automobile sector with direct effect on longer life for the transmission system.

scholarly journals Xylanolytic Bacillus species for xylooligosaccharides production: a critical review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozina Rashid ◽  
Muhammad Sohail
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biological Impacts

AbstractThe capacity of different Bacillus species to produce large amounts of extracellular enzymes and ability to ferment various substrates at a wide range of pH and temperature has placed them among the most promising hosts for the industrial production of many improved and novel products. The global interest in prebiotics, for example, xylooligosaccharides (XOs) is ever increasing, rousing the quest for various forms with expanded productivity. This article provides an overview of xylanase producing bacilli, with more emphasis on their capacity to be used in the production of the XOs, followed by the purification strategies, characteristics and application of XOs from bacilli. The large-scale production of XOs is carried out from a number of xylan-rich lignocellulosic materials by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis followed by purification through chromatography, vacuum evaporation, solvent extraction or membrane separation methods. Utilization of XOs in the production of functional products as food ingredients brings well-being to individuals by improving defense system and eliminating pathogens. In addition to the effects related to health, a variety of other biological impacts have also been discussed.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Glycerol Catalytic Valorization: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1279
Author(s):  
Manuel Checa ◽  
Sergio Nogales-Delgado ◽  
Vicente Montes ◽  
José María Encinar
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technological Limitations

Once a biorefinery is ready to operate, the main processed materials need to be completely evaluated in terms of many different factors, including disposal regulations, technological limitations of installation, the market, and other societal considerations. In biorefinery, glycerol is the main by-product, representing around 10% of biodiesel production. In the last few decades, the large-scale production of biodiesel and glycerol has promoted research on a wide range of strategies in an attempt to valorize this by-product, with its transformation into added value chemicals being the strategy that exhibits the most promising route. Among them, C3 compounds obtained from routes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, esterification, etc. represent an alternative to petroleum-based routes for chemicals such as acrolein, propanediols, or carboxylic acids of interest for the polymer industry. Another widely studied and developed strategy includes processes such as reforming or pyrolysis for energy, clean fuels, and materials such as activated carbon. This review covers recent advances in catalysts used in the most promising strategies considering both chemicals and energy or fuel obtention. Due to the large variety in biorefinery industries, several potential emergent valorization routes are briefly summarized.

scholarly journals Culture and Use of Black Locust

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom DeGomez ◽  
Michael R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Bacterial Symbiosis ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Site

Robinia L. (locust) species are among the most widely planted tree species in the world because they are ornamentally attractive, drought tolerant, fast growing, fix nitrogen, have very hard durable wood, and are adaptable to many sites and climates. Recent taxonomic analysis indicates there are four species, black locust (R. pseudoacacia L.); bristly locust (R. hispida L.); clammy locust (R. viscosa Vent.); and new mexican locust (R. neomexicana A. Gray). All four species originate in the southern United States and northern Mexico. Many horticultural cultivars are available. Locusts are tolerant of a wide range of soil types so long as there is good drainage, adequate moisture, and it is not very clayey. The environmental tolerance of locust makes it an excellent candidate for horticultural uses and for future breeding and selection to enhance its many desirable traits. It is easy to propagate via seed, root cuttings, soft- or hardwood cuttings, budding/grafting, or tissue culture. Locust has indeterminate growth. Spacing of plants in plantations is critical for the production of multiple products including high value timber. Locust is known for its ability to withstand drought conditions however at the cost of leaf shedding. Black locust contributes high levels of nitrogen to the soil from nitrogen fixing bacterial symbiosis. The major drawback to large-scale production of black locust in its native range is the damage that occurs from the locust borer (Megacyllene robiniae Forster). When planted outside the range of the locust borer it can be grown successfully as landscape specimen trees and as trees large enough for lumber production when varieties with straight trunks are grown. Damage from locust leaf miner (Odontata dorsalis Thunberg) can greatly detract from the trees ornamental qualities. Its most common use is as a site reclamation species. The tree is also used in honey production. The wood is highly decay resistant and is greatly valued for poles and posts. The wood is extremely hard and easy to work making it highly desirable for many construction uses.

Phosphors for Various Dosimetry Applications Derived by Different Synthesis Routes

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-84
Author(s):  
Jyoti Singh ◽  
Mahesh S. Bhadane ◽  
Vikas Dubey ◽  
Sanjay Daga Dhole ◽  
Jairam Manam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Dose Responses ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

The chapter provides useful information about synthesis and characterization of dysprosium doped oxide and fluoride-based phosphors such as SrGd2O4, CaSO4, and CaF2. Various techniques (e.g., acid-recrystallization, chemical co-precipitation, and homogenous precipitation cum auto-combustion methods) were adopted to synthesize these phosphors for large-scale production. All the prepared phosphors were characterized by x-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The thermoluminescence (TL) studies were performed after different irradiation sources such as gamma rays, thermal neutrons, and low energy ions (H, Ar, and N), respectively. Linear dose responses were observed in a wide range of doses for all the samples. Various trapping parameters, namely order of kinetics, activation energy, and frequency factors, were calculated by using computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) method.

The Cotton Industry of Northern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: 1150–1450

1972 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Fennell Mazzaoui
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Single Production ◽  
High Degree

In studies of the late medieval economy, the dominant position of the textile industry has long been recognized. Since the opening decades of this century however, scholarly attention has been directed almost exclusively toward the luxury industries of silk and fine woolens, which involved a complex financial and commercial structure geared to the satisfaction of the needs and desires of a wealthy and select clientele. Relatively neglected is that branch of the textile industry devoted to the production of low-priced cotton cloth for popular consumption. This neglect is all the more surprising in view of a rich if somewhat dispersed documentation attesting to the importance of this industry in numerous towns of Northern Italy. The large-scale production of cotton cloth posed problems of financing and organization not unlike those of silk and wool and gave rise to similar entrepreneurial forms. At the same time a study of the organization of cotton manufacture provides a number of unique insights into aspects of economic organization in Northern Italy. In the period covered by this paper, the cotton manufacturing centers of this area formed a single production zone characterized by a high degree of economic interdependence and a marked tendency toward the standardization of products.

scholarly journals Characterization of graphene nanosheets obtained by a modified Hummer's method

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Hack ◽  
Cláudia Hack Gumz Correia ◽  
Ricardo Antônio de Simone Zanon ◽  
Sérgio Henrique Pezzin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Graphene Nanosheets ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Natural Graphite ◽  
Graphite Oxidation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT Natural graphite is an inexpensive and abundant source to obtain graphene nanosheets. The most efficient method for large-scale production is the chemical method, which is based on the oxidation of natural graphite. This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of graphene obtained by the Hummers method with some modifications. The results indicate a high degree of graphite oxidation, proving that the process was efficient. Analyses of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction showed that the graphene produced presented characteristics similar to the commercial graphene.

scholarly journals Development of a novel nannochloropsis strain with enhanced violaxanthin yield for large‐scale production

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Bin Park ◽  
Jin-Ho Yun ◽  
Ae Jin Ryu ◽  
Joohyun Yun ◽  
Ji Won Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Random Mutagenesis ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Normal Light

Abstract Background Nannochloropsis is a marine microalga that has been extensively studied. The major carotenoid produced by this group of microalgae is violaxanthin, which exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-photoaging, and antiproliferative activities. Therefore, it has a wide range of potential applications. However, large-scale production of this pigment has not been much studied, thereby limiting its industrial application. Results To develop a novel strain producing high amount of violaxanthin, various Nannochloropsis species were isolated from seawater samples and their violaxanthin production potential were compared. Of the strains tested, N. oceanica WS-1 exhibited the highest violaxanthin productivity; to further enhance the violaxanthin yield of WS-1, we performed gamma-ray-mediated random mutagenesis followed by colorimetric screening. As a result, Mutant M1 was selected because of its significant higher violaxanthin content and biomass productivity than WS-1 (5.21 ± 0.33 mg g− 1 and 0.2101 g L− 1 d− 1, respectively). Subsequently, we employed a 10 L-scale bioreactor to confirm the large-scale production potential of M1, and the results indicated a 43.54 % increase in violaxanthin production compared with WS-1. In addition, comparative transcriptomic analysis performed under normal light condition identified possible mechanisms associated with remediating photo-inhibitory damage and other key responses in M1, which seemed to at least partially explain enhanced violaxanthin content and delayed growth. Conclusions Nannochloropsis oceanica mutant (M1) with enhanced violaxanthin content was developed and its physiological characteristics were investigated. In addition, enhanced production of violaxanthin was demonstrated in the large-scale cultivation. Key transcriptomic responses that are seemingly associated with different physiological responses of M1 were elucidated under normal light condition, the details of which would guide ongoing efforts to further maximize the industrial potential of violaxanthin producing strains.

Materials Technology and the Engineer

1972 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-287
Author(s):  
A. G. Quarrell
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Improved Methods ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Suitable Process

Never has the engineer had so many materials from which to choose when designing new machines or new structures. Improved metallurgical knowledge has enabled greatly improved alloys to be developed, the demands of aero-space have stimulated developments in ceramics and in composite materials; whilst advances in organic chemistry have led to a wide range of plastics suitable for applications which range from throw-away containers to constructions for which metals or natural materials were previously used. In addition, improved methods are continuously leading to better materials and more reliable components and the selection of the most suitable process for a given application becomes increasingly difficult. Materials technologists and engineers depend very much on each other. Engineers rely upon materials technologists for materials with properties appropriate for particular applications; materials technologists depend upon engineers to design the machines that enable laboratory experiments to be translated into large-scale production. A review of the present situation will be followed by a discussion of future trends and of future co-operation between engineers and materials technologists.

scholarly journals Current Advances in the Development of Decellularized Plant Extracellular Matrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Zhu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Shengyu Wang ◽  
Jianfeng Zhang ◽  
Shunwu Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Vascular Networks ◽  
Tissue Replacement ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range

An imbalance exists between the supply of organs for transplantation and the number of patients in the donor transplant waiting lists. Current use of autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts for tissue replacement is limited by the low availability, poor biocompatibility, and high cost. Decellularized plant scaffolds with remarkable physical similarities to human organs have recently emerged and have been found to present favorable characteristics that make them suitable as an alternative biomaterial, such as a superficial surface area, excellent water transport and retention, pre-existing vascular networks, interconnected porosity, and a wide range of mechanical properties. In addition to their unique and superior biocompatibility, plant-derived scaffolds present the advantages of low production cost, no ethical or supply constraints, simple operation and suitability for large-scale production and research. However, there are still some problems and deficiencies in this field, such as immature decellularization standards and methods, insufficient research on the biocompatibility of plant extracellular matrix. At present, research on decellularized plant extracellular matrix is still in its infancy, and its applicability to tissue engineering needs to be further improved. In this review, the current research progress on decellularized plant scaffolds is reviewed, the problems to be solved and future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals A Review Of Utilizing Shape Memory Alloy In Structural Safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Abul Hasnat ◽  
Safkat Tajwar Ahmed ◽  
Hafiz Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Damping Capacity ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Structural Deterioration ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract- The advancement of material technology has paved the way for smart materials to emerge in the civil engineering sector. These smart materials possess the potential to encounter structural deterioration. Therefore, proper attention should be provided to smart materials regarding both research and application. Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a unique smart material that demonstrates growing applicability in numerous sectors. Recently, a lot of emphasis is being given to SMA research with a view to utilizing SMA in civil engineering structures. SMAs have some special properties such as high damping capacity, self-centering mechanism, two-way memory, self-adaptability etc. for which they can be used to make various types of structural control devices. An integrated assessment of the fundamental properties of SMAs, based on the existing data is presented by this paper in a concise and graphical manner. This paper also discusses the possibility of implementing SMAs in a wide range of civil engineering application, therefore motivating the large scale development of smart structures.

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