scholarly journals Psychological trait inferences from women’s clothing: human and machine prediction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Rosenbusch ◽  
Maya Aghaei ◽  
Anthony M. Evans ◽  
Marcel Zeelenberg
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Interrater Agreement ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Large Database ◽  
Women's Clothing ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
Published Research

Abstract People use clothing to make personality inferences about others, and these inferences steer social behaviors. The current work makes four contributions to the measurement and prediction of clothing-based person perception: first, we integrate published research and open-ended responses to identify common psychological inferences made from clothes (Study 1). We find that people use clothes to make inferences about happiness, sexual interest, intelligence, trustworthiness, and confidence. Second, we examine consensus (i.e., interrater agreement) for clothing-based inferences (Study 2). We observe that characteristics of the inferring observer contribute more to the drawn inferences than the observed clothes, which entails low to medium levels of interrater agreement. Third, the current work examines whether a computer vision model can use image properties (i.e., pixels alone) to replicate human inferences (Study 3). While our best model outperforms a single human rater, its absolute performance falls short of reliability conventions in psychological research. Finally, we introduce a large database of clothing images with psychological labels and demonstrate its use for exploration and replication of psychological research. The database consists of 5000 images of (western) women’s clothing items with psychological inferences annotated by 25 participants per clothing item.

scholarly journals Targets’ Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Biases Pain Judgments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Deska ◽  
Kurt Hugenberg
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Pain Medication ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Accurate Perception ◽  
Face Structure ◽  
Stable Feature

The accurate perception of others’ pain is important for both perceivers and targets. Yet, like other person perception judgments, pain judgments are prone to biases. Although past work has begun detailing characteristics of targets that can bias pain judgments (e.g., race, gender), the current work examines a novel source of bias inherent to all targets: structural characteristics of the human face. Specifically, we present four studies demonstrating that facial width-to-height ratio, a stable feature of all faces, biases pain judgments. Compared to those with low facial width-to-height ratio, individuals with high facial width-to-height ratio are perceived as experiencing less pain in otherwise identical situations (Studies 1, 2, & 3), and as needing less pain medication to salve their injuries (Study 4). This process was observed for White but not Black targets (Study 2), and manipulations of facial width-to-height ratio affected pain perceptions even when target identity was held constant (Study 4). Together, these findings implicate face structure in judgments of others’ pain.

How Body Size Cues Judgments on Person Perception Dimensions

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062096367
Author(s):  
Olya Bryksina ◽  
Luming Wang ◽  
Trang Mai-McManus
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Emotional Expressiveness ◽  
Thin Body ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Weight Concerns ◽  
Heavy Body ◽  
Average Body

Many people in Western societies pursue a thin body. Among the multiple reasons to lose weight, concerns about social perceptions play a prominent role in the desire to shed pounds. Previous research associates thinness with attractiveness, especially in Western societies. The current work demonstrates that moderate deviations from the average body size cue judgments on person perception dimensions. Results from three studies show that whereas moderately thin (vs. heavy) individuals are rated as more competent, moderately heavy (vs. thin) people are rated as more warm. The studies present mediation- and manipulation-based evidence that these effects occur because a thin (vs. heavy) body signals self-control—a construct instrumental in drawing competence inferences—and that a heavy (vs. thin) body signals emotional expressiveness—a construct that triggers inferences of warmth.

The Effect of Women's Suggestive Clothing on Men's Behavior and Judgment: A Field Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Guéguen
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Small Field ◽  
Women's Clothing ◽  
Clothing Style ◽  
Sexual Intent

Numerous studies have shown that men overestimate the sexual intent of women based on their clothing style; however, this hypothesis has not been assessed empirically in a natural setting. This small field study measured the time it took for men to approach two female confederates sitting in a tavern, one wearing suggestive clothes and one wearing more conservative clothes. The behavior of 108 men was observed over 54 periods on 16 different nights in two different taverns. The time it took for the men to approach after initial eye contact was significantly shorter in the suggestive clothing condition. The men were also asked by male confederates to rate the likelihood of having a date with the women, and having sex on the first date. The men rated their chances to have a date and to have sex significantly higher in the suggestive clothing condition. Results are discussed with respect to men's possible misinterpretation that women's clothing indicates sexual interest, and the risks associated with the misinterpretation.

scholarly journals Response latency in social psychological research

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Scientific Communication ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Public Science ◽  
Barriers To Change ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
The One ◽  
Published Research

Existing norms for scientific communication are rooted in anachronistic practices of bygone eras, making them needlessly inefficient. We outline a path that moves away from the existing model of scientific communication to improve the efficiency in meeting the purpose of public science – knowledge accumulation. We call for six changes: (1) full embrace of digital communication, (2) open access to all published research, (3) disentangling publication from evaluation, (4) breaking the “one article, one journal” model with a grading system for evaluation and diversified dissemination outlets, (5) publishing peer review, and, (6) allowing open, continuous peer review. We address conceptual and practical barriers to change, and provide examples showing how the suggested practices are being used already. The critical barriers to change are not technical or financial; they are social. While scientists guard the status quo, they also have the power to change it.

scholarly journals Background Subtraction (BS) Using Instant Pixel Histogram

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narjis Mezaal Shati ◽  
Sundos Abdulameer Alazawi ◽  
Huda Abdulaali Abdulbaqi
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
False Alarm ◽  
False Alarm Rate ◽  
Background Subtraction ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Moving Objects Detection ◽  
Computer Vision Applications ◽  
Objects Detection ◽  
Published Research

Video computer vision applications require moving objects detection as a first phase of their operation. Therefore, background subtraction (BS), an investigate branch in computer vision with intensive published research, is applied to obtain the “background” and the “foreground.” Our study proposes a new BS model that utilizes instant pixel histogram, which is implemented to extract foreground objects from two datasets, the first Visor (different human actions) and the second Anomaly Detection Dataset UCSD (Peds2). The model when using the Visor dataset gives 100% detection rate with 8% false alarm rate, whereas, when using UCSD (Peds2), it achieves a detection rate and false alarm rate of 77% and 34% respectively.

scholarly journals 3D SURVEYING AND MODELLING OF ROMAN MONUMENT WITH ARCH

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 509-512
Author(s):  
I. Giannaris ◽  
M. Gerotziafa ◽  
M. Prantsidi ◽  
E. Karachaliou ◽  
E. Stylianidis
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Time Accuracy

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Preventive actions of cultural heritage could be carried out using photogrammetry and computer vision techniques. Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques have been proved to be one of the best solutions for the cultural heritage field in terms of cost, time, accuracy and quality. The current work uses a commercial SfM – based software to generate orthoimages of the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki, Greece. This is part of students' project in the framework of an undergraduate course in the School of Spatial Planning and Development, Thessaloniki, Greece, to investigate the status of the Roman monument.</p>

Language as a Social Cue

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-264
Author(s):  
Katherine D. Kinzler
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Psychological Essentialism ◽  
Social Cue ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Psychological Research

Social groups are a pervasive feature of human life. One factor that is often understudied in the literature on person perception and social categorization is language. Yet, someone's language (and accent) provides a tremendous amount of social information to a listener. Disciplines across the social and behavioral sciences—ranging from linguistics to anthropology to economics—have exposed the social significance of language. Less social psychological research has historically focused on language as a vehicle for social grouping. Yet, new approaches in psychology are reversing this trend. This article first reviews evidence, primarily from psycholinguistics, documenting how speech provides social information. Next it turns to developmental psychology, showing how young humans begin to see others’ language as conveying social group information. It then explores how the tendency to see language as a social cue has vast implications for people's psychological processes (e.g., psychological essentialism and trust) and also for society, including education and the law.

scholarly journals Does asking about suicide and related behaviours induce suicidal ideation? What is the evidence?

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (16) ◽  
pp. 3361-3363 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dazzi ◽  
R. Gribble ◽  
S. Wessely ◽  
N. T. Fear
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
At Risk Populations ◽  
Catch 22 ◽  
Published Research

There is a commonly held perception in psychology that enquiring about suicidality, either in research or clinical settings, can increase suicidal tendencies. While the potential vulnerability of participants involved in psychological research must be addressed, apprehensions about conducting studies of suicidality create a Catch-22 situation for researchers. Ethics committees require evidence that proposed studies will not cause distress or suicidal ideation, yet a lack of published research can mean allaying these fears is difficult. Concerns also exist in psychiatric settings where risk assessments are important for ensuring patient safety. But are these concerns based on evidence? We conducted a review of the published literature examining whether enquiring about suicide induces suicidal ideation in adults and adolescents, and general and at-risk populations. None found a statistically significant increase in suicidal ideation among participants asked about suicidal thoughts. Our findings suggest acknowledging and talking about suicide may in fact reduce, rather than increase suicidal ideation, and may lead to improvements in mental health in treatment-seeking populations. Recurring ethical concerns about asking about suicidality could be relaxed to encourage and improve research into suicidal ideation and related behaviours without negatively affecting the well-being of participants.

scholarly journals Comment: A Perspective on the Relevance of Psychological Science and Some Implications for the Reform Movement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon McPhetres
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Research ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Impact Factor Journal ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Publication Record ◽  
Short Commentary ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Published Research

Concerns about the generalizability, veracity, and relevance of social psychological research often resurface within psychology. While many changes are being implemented to improve the integrity of published research and to clarify the publication record, less attention has been given to the questions of relevance. In this short commentary, I offer my perspective on questions of relevance and present some data from the website Reddit. The data show that people care greatly about psychological research—social psychology studies being among the highest upvoted on the subreddit r/science. However, upvotes on Reddit are unrelated to metrics used by researchers to gauge importance (e.g., impact factor, journal rankings and citations), suggesting a disconnect between what psychologists and lay-audiences may see as relevant. I interpret these data in light of the replication crisis and suggest that the spotlight on our field puts greater importance on the need for reform. Whether we like it or not, people care about, share, and use psychological research in their lives, which means we should ensure that our findings are reported accurately and transparently.

The social neuroscience of biases in in-and-out-group face processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Terbeck
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Reliable Predictor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Psychological Research

AbstractThe validity and reliability of stereotypes in social perception confirms traditional early social psychological research. Already in 1954 Gordon Allport stated that stereotypes might have a “kernel of truth.” Recent research in social neuroscience, however, contradicts Lee Jussims’ (2012) claim that the application of stereotypes increases accuracy in person perception. Person perception is inaccurate as it is insufficient when it involves only one factor (even if that factor was a reliable predictor).

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