scholarly journals Municipal level water security indices in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe I. Arreguin-Cortes ◽  
J. Raul Saavedra-Horita ◽  
J. Manuel Rodriguez-Varela ◽  
Velitchko G. Tzatchkov ◽  
Petronilo E. Cortez-Mejia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Population Vulnerability ◽  
Probabilistic Nature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Municipal Level

Abstract As tends to be the case in other large, developing countries, Mexico is a nation of strong meteorological, hydrographic and social contrasts throughout its territory, which impact the various strata of the population in different ways. The current paper seeks to show how these contrasts create different water-security scenarios using pertinent indices. While some of the impact factors, such as precipitation, drought and floods, are of intrinsically probabilistic nature, others are related to population vulnerability. There have been a small number of studies on water security at global or regional scale that include Mexico, or at local level in Mexico, but none of them consider probabilistic aspects and population vulnerability, neither extend to municipal level. A probabilistic methodology was defined in this paper, and applied at municipal scale in Mexico, to obtain a water security index, which considers the concepts of risk, hazard and social vulnerability. Hazard comes in the form of water supply and drainage shortage, flooding, pollution, water quality, groundwater depletion and drought indicators. Vulnerability considers factors such as the educational level of the population, access to health services, illiteracy, housing conditions, unemployment and the proportion of indigenous language population. All these indicators are very heterogeneous throughout the Mexican territory. The proposed probabilistic methodology was applied in a geographic information system environment, and it was used to obtain water security indices for all municipalities in Mexico (2456 municipalities).

scholarly journals Why increased extreme precipitation under climate change negatively affects water security

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5935-5946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris P. C. Eekhout ◽  
Johannes E. Hunink ◽  
Wilco Terink ◽  
Joris de Vente
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Precipitation Intensity ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. An increase in extreme precipitation is projected for many areas worldwide in the coming decades. To assess the impact of increased precipitation intensity on water security, we applied a regional-scale hydrological and soil erosion model, forced with regional climate model projections. We specifically considered the impact of climate change on the distribution of water between soil (green water) and surface water (blue water) compartments. We show that an increase in precipitation intensity leads to a redistribution of water within the catchment, where water storage in soil decreases and reservoir inflow increases. This affects plant water stress and the potential of rainfed versus irrigated agriculture, and increases dependency on reservoir storage, which is potentially threatened by increased soil erosion. This study demonstrates the crucial importance of accounting for the fact that increased precipitation intensity leads to water redistribution between green and blue water, increased soil erosion, and reduced water security. Ultimately, this has implications for design of climate change adaptation measures, which should aim to increase the water holding capacity of the soil (green water) and to maintain the storage capacity of reservoirs (blue water), benefiting rainfed and irrigated agriculture.

scholarly journals Políticas públicas e Reformas Educacionais no Brasil: enfoque no planejamento educacional no âmbito dos Municípios

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cátia Verônica Nogueira Dantas ◽  
Tércio Rios de Jesus
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Educational Planning ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Municipal Level

Este texto discute os desdobramentos das políticas públicas e reformas educacionais que entram em curso a partir de 1990, e que introduzem no cenário brasileiro os princípios de descentralização e municipalização do ensino. Busca-se elucidar os impactos das reformas educacionais no âmbito dos municípios, enfatizando a proposição do poder público municipal criar e gerir seus sistemas públicos de ensino, bem como a importância que o planejamento educacional assume para que essa demanda seja atendida. Diante do “imperativo” de reorganizar e manter seus sistemas de ensino, o poder público municipal tem se deparado com inúmeras dificuldades, dentre essas, a elaboração dos planos municipais de educação. <br> <br> <B>Palavras-chave</B>: políticas públicas, descentralização, municipalização, planejamento, plano municipal de educação.<br> <br> <br> <B>Abstract</B>: This paper discusses the evolution of public policy and education reform that have b“en incorporated in Brazil since 1990 and have introduced the concept of decentralization and education at the local level. Its aim is to analyze the impact of“education reform at the municipal level by emphazing the importance of local government’s participation in developing and managing its own educational systems as well as demonstrating the value of educational planning for achieving this goal. When facing the demands of reorganizing and keeping their municipal educational systems, local authorities have dealt with numerous difficulties, including the development of their municipal plan for education. <br> <br> <B>Key words</B>: public policy, decentralization, community focus, planning, municipal plan for education

scholarly journals Why increased extreme precipitation under climate change negatively affects water security

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris P. C. Eekhout ◽  
Johannes E. Hunink ◽  
Wilco Terink ◽  
Joris de Vente
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Precipitation Intensity ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. An increase of extreme precipitation is projected for many areas worldwide in the coming decades. To assess the impact of increased precipitation intensity on water security, we applied a regional scale hydrological and soil erosion model, forced with Regional Climate Model projections. We specifically considered the impact of climate change on the distribution of water between soil (green water) and surface water (blue water) compartments. We show that an increase in precipitation intensity leads to a redistribution of water within the catchment, where water storage in soil decreases and reservoir inflow increases. This affects plant water stress and the potential of rainfed versus irrigated agriculture, and increases dependency on reservoir storage, that is increasingly threatened by an increase of soil erosion. This study demonstrates the crucial importance of accounting for the fact that increased precipitation intensity leads to water redistribution between green and blue water, increased soil erosion, and reduced water security.

scholarly journals Local-scale post-event assessments with GPS and UAV-based quick-response surveys: a pilot case from the Emilia–Romagna (Italy) coast

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 2969-2989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Duo ◽  
Arthur Chris Trembanis ◽  
Stephanie Dohner ◽  
Edoardo Grottoli ◽  
Paolo Ciavola
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Quick Response ◽  
Physical Data ◽  
Data Resolution ◽  
Local Stakeholders ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Coastal communities and assets are exposed to flooding and erosion hazards due to extreme storm events, which may increase in intensity due to climatological factors in the incoming future. Coastal managers are tasked with developing risk-management plans mitigating risk during all phases of the disaster cycle. This necessitates rapid, time-efficient post-event beach surveys that collect physical data in the immediate aftermath of an event. Additionally, the inclusion of local stakeholders in the assessment process via personal interviews captures the social dimension of the impact of the event. In this study, a local protocol for post-event assessment, the quick-response protocol, was tested on a pilot site on the Emilia–Romagna (Italy) coast in the aftermath of an extreme meteorological event that occurred in February 2015. Physical data were collected using both real-time kinematic Geographical Positions Systems and unmanned aerial vehicle platforms. Local stakeholders were interviewed by collecting qualitative information on their experiences before, during, and after the event. Data comparisons between local and regional surveys of this event highlighted higher data resolution and accuracy at the local level, enabling improved risk assessment for future events of this magnitude. The local survey methodology, although improvable from different technical aspects, can be readily integrated into regional surveys for improved data resolution and accuracy of storm impact assessments on the regional scale to better inform coastal risk managers during mitigation planning.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Politics and Administration at the Flemish Local Level: Intermunicipal Differences Explained

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
Sofie Hennau
Keyword(s):  
Public Management ◽  
New Public Management ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Policy Cycle ◽  
Administrative Discretion ◽  
New Public ◽  
Political Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Municipal Level

AbstractWhen it comes to political-administrative relations, New Public Management has aimed for a stronger differentiation between political and administrative matters and for an empowerment of the administration towards the political level.This article investigates the perceived degree of administrative discretion at the municipal level in the Flemish region of Belgium. We use data from a survey with Flemish municipal CEOs from 2019.The results suggest that the degree of administrative discretion in Flemish municipalities is relatively high during policy preparation. Nevertheless, during other phases of the policy cycle most municipal CEOs perceive a certain political impact on the functioning of their administration, which reaches further than steering on the main policy lines. Second, a majority identifies a lack of mutual trust between the executive board and the administrators.Furthermore, administrative discretion increases with the size of the municipality and the assessed capacity of the administration. Also in municipalities where the key actors of political-administrative relationships remained unchanged for a longer period, the administration has more leeway to act. Lastly, the results nuance the impact of the municipal financial situation and the composition of the majority on the degree of administrative discretion.

Achieving water security in peri-urban Yangon: exploring the local governance processes

Water Policy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 980-998
Author(s):  
Rebecca Groot ◽  
Mucahid Mustafa Bayrak
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Water Security ◽  
High Price ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Many cities in the Global South lack the capacity to provide water security to their inhabitants. Peri-urban areas are especially vulnerable to water insecurity. This study concerns the impact of (good) governance on water security among formal and informal settlers residing in Hlaing Thar Yar Industrial Zone (HTIZ), a peri-urban area belonging to Yangon, Myanmar. Through employing mixed methods, we investigate the dynamics of water security by studying the governing processes which shape it on a local level. In HTIZ, various challenges related to water security come together. Our findings reveal that water security in HTIZ was achieved for the majority of the formal settlers, whereas this was not the case for the majority of the informal (riverbank) settlers. Although a well-organized needs-driven system of local water vendors supplied water to the local population there was a high risk of contamination by domestic pollution (e.g., Escherichia coli) and industrial effluent, in addition to the relatively high price of the water. The identified water insecurities were driven on an institutional level by the lack of capacity and priority given to supplying and protecting informal settlers. Absence of environmental monitoring and enforcement, and the perceptions of government officials further exacerbated water insecurity.

scholarly journals Spatial variation of three-dimensional deformation: a case study in the north-eastern Beijing plain, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 391-396
Author(s):  
Jiahui Zhou ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Huili Gong ◽  
Huijun Li ◽  
Liping Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Alluvial Fan ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Beijing Plain ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West

Abstract. Land subsidence is a serious geo-hazard in Beijing Plain, which has threatened the safety of the operation of the metropolis. This study focuses on the land subsidence in the Chaobai River alluvial fan, where is the main groundwater supply region. The vertical and the East-West deformation from June 2015 to December 2017 was derived based on the SAR imaging geometry deduction. Then, the spatial variation characteristics of the deformation were analysed and the relations with the impact factors were carried out. Results show that the nugget effect (i.e., random to total spatial variance ratio) values of the vertical and the East-West deformation at regional scale were 13 % and 49 %, respectively. This indicates that the distribution of the vertical deformation is dominated by regional influencing factors, while both regional and local-scale impact factors are important for the distribution of the East–West deformation. In the southern part of the study area, the extraction of groundwater is the dominant factor affecting the spatial distribution of the vertical displacement, while the dominant factor of East-West deformation is not obvious. This study can enrich the understanding of land subsidence distribution and will help us better understand the causes of land subsidence.

scholarly journals Large-scale sensitivities of groundwater and surface water to groundwater withdrawal

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 5859-5878
Author(s):  
Marc F. P. Bierkens ◽  
Edwin H. Sutanudjaja ◽  
Niko Wanders
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Groundwater Withdrawal ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Streamflow Depletion

Abstract. Increasing population, economic growth and changes in diet have dramatically increased the demand for food and water over the last decades. To meet increasing demands, irrigated agriculture has expanded into semi-arid areas with limited precipitation and surface water availability. This has greatly intensified the dependence of irrigated crops on groundwater withdrawal and caused a steady increase in groundwater withdrawal and groundwater depletion. One of the effects of groundwater pumping is the reduction in streamflow through capture of groundwater recharge, with detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. The degree to which groundwater withdrawal affects streamflow or groundwater storage depends on the nature of the groundwater–surface water interaction (GWSI). So far, analytical solutions that have been derived to calculate the impact of groundwater on streamflow depletion involve single wells and streams and do not allow the GWSI to shift from connected to disconnected, i.e. from a situation with two-way interaction to one with a one-way interaction between groundwater and surface water. Including this shift and also analysing the effects of many wells requires numerical groundwater models that are expensive to set up. Here, we introduce an analytical framework based on a simple lumped conceptual model that allows us to estimate to what extent groundwater withdrawal affects groundwater heads and streamflow at regional scales. It accounts for a shift in GWSI, calculates at which critical withdrawal rate such a shift is expected, and when it is likely to occur after withdrawal commences. It also provides estimates of streamflow depletion and which part of the groundwater withdrawal comes out of groundwater storage and which parts from a reduction in streamflow. After a local sensitivity analysis, the framework is combined with parameters and inputs from a global hydrological model and subsequently used to provide global maps of critical withdrawal rates and timing, the areas where current withdrawal exceeds critical limits and maps of groundwater and streamflow depletion rates that result from groundwater withdrawal. The resulting global depletion rates are compared with estimates from in situ observations and regional and global groundwater models and satellites. Pairing of the analytical framework with more complex global hydrological models presents a screening tool for fast first-order assessments of regional-scale groundwater sustainability and for supporting hydro-economic models that require simple relationships between groundwater withdrawal rates and the evolution of pumping costs and environmental externalities.

Impact of Groundwater Pumping on Flood Potential (FP) in Indian Sub-continental River Basins

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Shah ◽  
Vimal Mishra
Keyword(s):  
India Meteorological Department ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Groundwater Pumping ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Monthly Discharge ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Rapid groundwater depletion is one of the most vital issues related to food and water security in India. However, the crucial role of groundwater pumping and associated policy measures on Flood Potential (FP) in Indian subcontinental river basins remains unexplored. In this study, we examine the impact of groundwater pumping on FP in the Indian subcontinental river basins, having different climatic characteristics. We used Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) from Gravity recovery climate experiment (GRACE) satellites and precipitation data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) to estimate FP. We estimated the trends of TWS and FP using the nonparametric Mann&amp;#8211;Kendall (M-K) method and Sen&amp;#8217;s slope method was used to calculate trend magnitudes. We evaluated the results of FP with observed monthly discharge. Moreover, we find a decline in FP in river basins having rapid groundwater depletion. However, no significant change in FP was found for basins where strong policy measures have taken against groundwater pumping.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE INCREASING INCIDENCE OF DIABETES IN VARNA AND BULGARIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 3978-3984
Author(s):  
Antoaneta Tsvetkova ◽  
◽  
Silvia Mihaylova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Screening Diagnostics ◽  
The Impact

Objective: The impact of socio-economic factors on the increased incidence of chronic diseases requires changes in the policy of health authorities. In view of that, the study tried to investigate the role and consequences of those factors on T2DM and thus contribute to future development of comprehensive programmes for screening, diagnostics and treatment. Methods and materials: Forecasting the incidence rates of diabetes on a national and regional scale using regression analysis of results from municipal programs between 2015 and 2019 in Varna. The following models were studied: linear, cubic, quadratic, exponential, logarithmic, power, growth and inversion. Data processing and analysis were performed with the software set SPSS Statistics and graphical analysis with Microsoft Excel. Results: A constant rise in the number of diabetes cases was identified. At national level, mortality among females was higher than mortality in males, while at local level (Varna), such correlation was not established. Costs for the studied groups steadily increased during the studied period. Healthcare services for people with diabetes mellitus cost 2.5 times more than that of people without diabetes of the same age group.

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