Spatial Disparity and Associated Factors of Cause-Specific Mortality in Small Areas of Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezra Gayawan ◽  
Everton E. C. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Spatial Disparity ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Specific Mortality

scholarly journals Cause-specific mortality and associated factors related to death after kidney and liver transplantation: a Korean nationwide study

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. S119-S119
Author(s):  
Junghyun Yoon ◽  
Younkyung Jung ◽  
Hanjoon Kim ◽  
Boyoung Park ◽  
Dongho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Nationwide Study ◽  
Specific Mortality

scholarly journals Use of Non-Cancer Medications in New Zealand Women at the Diagnosis of Primary Invasive Breast Cancer: Prevalence, Associated Factors and Effects on Survival

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 7962
Author(s):  
Phyu Sin Aye ◽  
Oliver W. Scott ◽  
J. Mark Elwood ◽  
Diana Sarfati ◽  
Ross Lawrenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Breast Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Breast Cancer Specific Mortality ◽  
Primary Invasive Breast Cancer ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Cancer Specific Mortality

Background: Assessing the use of multiple medications in cancer patients is crucial as such use may affect cancer outcomes. This study reports the prevalence of non-cancer medication use at breast cancer diagnosis, its associated factors, and its effect on survival. Methods: We identified all women diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2016, from four population-based breast cancer registries, in Auckland, Waikato, Wellington, and Christchurch, New Zealand. Through linkage to the pharmaceutical records, we obtained information on non-cancer medications that were dispensed for a minimum of 90 days’ supply between one year before cancer diagnosis and first cancer treatment. We performed ordered logistic regressions to identify associated factors and Cox regressions to investigate its effect on patient survival. Results: Of 14,485 patients, 52% were dispensed at least one drug (mean—1.3 drugs; maximum—13 drugs), with a higher prevalence observed in patients who were older, treated at a public facility, more economically deprived, and screen-detected. The use of 2–3 drugs showed a reduced non-breast cancer mortality (HR = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.60–0.92) in previously hospitalised patients, with other groups showing non-significant associations when adjusted for confounding factors. Drug use was not associated with changes in breast cancer-specific mortality. Conclusions: Non-cancer medication use at breast cancer diagnosis was common in New Zealand, more prevalent in older and disadvantaged women, and showed no effect on breast cancer-specific mortality, but a reduction in other cause mortality with the use of 2–3 drugs.

scholarly journals Comparison of three small-area mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio, comparative mortality figure, and life expectancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikhan Kim ◽  
Hwa-Kyung Lim ◽  
Hee-Yeon Kang ◽  
Young-Ho Khang
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Mortality Figure ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Small Area Level ◽  
Mortality Ratio

Abstract Background: This study aimed to compare three small-area level mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), comparative mortality figure (CMF), and life expectancy (LE) by urbanity.Methods: We utilized the National Health Information Database to obtain annual small-area level age-specific numbers of population and deaths in Korea between 2013 and 2017. First, differences in the SMR by urbanity were examined, assuming the same age-specific mortality rates in all small-areas. Second, we explored the differences in ranking obtained using the three metrics (SMR, CMF, and LE). Third, the ratio of CMF to SMR by population was analyzed according to urbanity.Results: We found that the age-specific population distributions in urbanized areas were similar, but rural areas had a relatively old population structure. The age-specific mortality ratio also differed by urbanity. Assuming the same rate of age-specific mortality across all small-areas, we found that comparable median values in all areas. However, areas with a high SMR showed a strong predominance of metropolitan areas. The ranking by SMR differed markedly from the rankings by CMF and LE, especially in areas of high mortality, while the latter two metrics did not differ notably. The ratio of CMF to SMR showed larger variations in small-areas in rural areas, particularly in those with small populations, than in metropolitan and urban areas.Conclusions: In a comparison of multiple SMRs, bias could exist if the study areas have large differences in population structure. The use of CMF or LE should be considered for comparisons if it is possible to acquire age-specific mortality data for each small-area.

scholarly journals Estimating age- and sex-specific mortality rates for small areas with TOPALS regression: an application to Brazil in 2010

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Schmertmann
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Mortality Estimation ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Age Patterns

High sampling variability in recorded vital events creates serious problems for small-area mortality estimation. Many existing approaches to fitting local mortality schedules, including those most often used in Brazil, estimate rates by making rigid mathematical assumptions about local age patterns. Such methods assume that all areas within a larger area (for example, microregions within a mesoregion) have identically-shaped log mortality schedules by age. We propose a more flexible statistical estimation method that combines Poisson regression with the TOPALS relational model (DE BEER, 2012). We use the new method to estimate age-specific mortality rates in Brazilian small areas (states, mesoregions, microregions, and municípios) in 2010. Results for Minas Gerais show notable differences in the age patterns of mortality between adjacent small areas, demonstrating the advantages of using a flexible functional form in regression models.

scholarly journals Bayesian estimation of age-specific mortality and life expectancy for small areas with defective vital records

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Schmertmann ◽  
Marcos Roberto Gonzaga
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Vital Records ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Demographic Estimation ◽  
Mortality Estimates ◽  
Health Experts ◽  
Area Data

We develop a Bayesian regression model for small-area mortality schedules that simultaneously addresses the problems of small local samples and underreporting of deaths. We combine a relational model for mortality schedules with probabilistic prior information on death registration coverage – derived from demographic estimation techniques such as Death Distribution Methods, and from field audits done by public health experts. We test the model on small-area data from Brazil. Incorporating external estimates of vital registration coverage though priors improves small-area mortality estimates by accounting for under-registration, and by automatically producing measures of uncertainty.

scholarly journals Estimating age- and sex-specific mortality rates for small areas with TOPALS regression: an application to Brazil in 2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Roberto Gonzaga ◽  
Carl Paul Schmertmann
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Mortality Estimation ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Age And Sex

High variability in recorded vital events creates serious problems for small-area mortality estimation by age and sex. Many existing approaches to fitting local mortality schedules, including those most often used in Brazil, estimate rates by making rigid mathematical assumptions about local age patterns. Such methods assume that all areas within a larger area (for example, microregions within a mesoregion) have identically-shaped log mortality schedules by age. We propose a more flexible statistical estimation method that combines Poisson regression with the TOPALS relational model (DE BEER, 2012). We use the new method to estimate age-specific mortality rates in Brazilian small areas (states, mesoregions, microregions, and municipalities) in 2010. Results for Minas Gerais show notable differences in the age patterns of mortality between adjacent small areas, demonstrating the advantages of using a flexible functional form in regression models.

Electron Diffraction of Wet Biological Membranes

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
S.W. Hui ◽  
D.F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Biological Membranes ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Electron Diffraction Technique ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Collection Time ◽  
Camera Length

The development of the hydration stages for electron microscopes has opened up the application of electron diffraction in the study of biological membranes. Membrane specimen can now be observed without the artifacts introduced during drying, fixation and staining. The advantages of the electron diffraction technique, such as the abilities to observe small areas and thin specimens, to image and to screen impurities, to vary the camera length, and to reduce data collection time are fully utilized. Here we report our pioneering work in this area.

Ultrastructure and Morphology of the Neurospora Crassa Cell Wall Mutants, Slime And Slime X, Using Tem and Sem

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Karen S. Howard ◽  
H. D. Braymer ◽  
M. D. Socolofsky ◽  
S. A. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Isolated Cell

The recently isolated cell wall mutant slime X of Neurospora crassa was prepared for ultrastructural and morphological comparison with the cell wall mutant slime. The purpose of this article is to discuss the methods of preparation for TEM and SEM observations, as well as to make a preliminary comparison of the two mutants.TEM: Cells of the slime mutant were prepared for thin sectioning by the method of Bigger, et al. Slime X cells were prepared in the same manner with the following two exceptions: the cells were embedded in 3% agar prior to fixation and the buffered solutions contained 5% sucrose throughout the procedure.SEM: Two methods were used to prepare mutant and wild type Neurospora for the SEM. First, single colonies of mutant cells and small areas of wild type hyphae were cut from solid media and fixed with OSO4 vapors similar to the procedure used by Harris, et al. with one alteration. The cell-containing agar blocks were dehydrated by immersion in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP).

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