Immune responses to dietary antigens in gluten-sensitive enteropathy of Irish setters

Gastrointestinal food allergies are a spectrum of disorders that result from adverse immune responses to dietary antigens. The named disorders include immediate gastrointestinal hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis), oral allergy syndrome, allergic eosinophilic esophagitis, gastritis, and gastroenterocolitis; dietary protein enterocolitis, proctitis, and enteropathy; and celiac disease. Additional disorders sometimes attributed to food allergy include colic, gastroesophageal reflux, and constipation. The pediatrician faces several challenges in dealing with these disorders because diagnosis requires differentiating allergic disorders from many other causes of similar symptoms, and therapy requires identification of causal foods, application of therapeutic diets and/or medications, and monitoring for resolution of these disorders. This review catalogs the spectrum of gastrointestinal food allergies that affect children and provides a framework for a rational approach to diagnosis and management.

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Effect of age on absorption and immune responses to weaning or introduction of novel dietary antigens in pigs

Research in Veterinary Science ◽

10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31142-1 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 180-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

A.D. WILSON ◽

C.R. STOKES ◽

F.J. BOURNE

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Dietary Antigens ◽

Effect Of Age

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Gut Immunity in the Pig - Hypersensitivity Responses to Dietary Antigens

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600013891 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 1984 ◽

pp. 25-25

Author(s):

F.J. Bourne ◽

B. Miller ◽

T. J. Newby ◽

C.R. Stokes

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Villous Atrophy ◽

Intestinal Function ◽

E Coli ◽

Dietary Antigens ◽

Intestinal Immune System ◽

Scant Attention ◽

Gut Immunity ◽

Crypt Hyperplasia ◽

The Individual

The Intestinal Immune System is obliged to recognise not only antigens associated with pathogenic organisms but also harmless dietary protein. Since chronic immune responses to these ubiquitous antigens present in food are likely to be harmful to normal intestinal function, regulatory mechanisms have evolved which reduce immune responses to such antigens to levels acceptable to the individual. It is essential to the effective working of these mechanisms that the introduction to new antigens should be gradual and not be associated with the sudden presentation of large amounts of a new dietary material. Modern intensive weaning methods pay scant attention to the needs of these immunoregulatory systems, and the resultant immune response may be the cause of the villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia seen immediately after weaning and which are thought to precipitate post weaning E. coli diarrhoea.

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SOCS1, a Negative Regulator of Cytokine Signals and TLR Responses, in Human Liver Diseases

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2010/470468 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Minoru Fujimoto ◽

Tetsuji Naka

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Liver Diseases ◽

Human Liver ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Cytokine Signaling ◽

Innate Immune Responses ◽

Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling ◽

Dietary Antigens ◽

Important Regulator ◽

Socs Proteins

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways are strictly coordinated by several mechanisms to regulate adequate innate immune responses. Recent lines of evidence indicate that the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family proteins, originally identified as negative-feedback regulators in cytokine signaling, are involved in the regulation of TLR-mediated immune responses. SOCS1, a member of SOCS family, is strongly induced upon TLR stimulation. Cells lacking SOCS1 are hyperresponsive to TLR stimulation. Thus, SOCS1 is an important regulator for both cytokine and TLR-induced responses. As an immune organ, the liver contains various types of immune cells such as T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and Kupffer cells and is continuously challenged with gut-derived bacterial and dietary antigens. SOCS1 may be implicated in pathophysiology of the liver. The studies using SOCS1-deficient mice revealed that endogenous SOCS1 is critical for the prevention of liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancers. Recent studies on humans suggest that SOCS1 is involved in the development of various liver disorders in humans. Thus, SOCS1 and other SOCS proteins are potential targets for the therapy of human liver diseases.

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Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.14.2.430-445.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 430-445 ◽

Cited By ~ 264

Author(s):

Pearay L. Ogra ◽

Howard Faden ◽

Robert C. Welliver

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Mucosal Surfaces ◽

Immunoregulatory Cytokines ◽

Dietary Antigens ◽

Important Approach ◽

Mucosal Vaccines ◽

Different Populations ◽

Lymphoid Structures ◽

Environmental Antigens

SUMMARY Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans.

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