History of Research on Thinking and Problem Solving

1994 ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger L. Dominowski ◽  
Lyle E. Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

Problem Solving

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Problem Solver ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

Problem solving refers to cognitive processing directed at achieving a goal when the problem solver does not initially know a solution method. A problem exists when someone has a goal but does not know how to achieve it. Problems can be classified as routine or non-routine, and as well-defined or ill-defined. The major cognitive processes in problem solving are representing, planning, executing, and monitoring. The major kinds of knowledge required for problem solving are facts, concepts, procedures, strategies, and beliefs. The theoretical approaches that have developed over the history of research on problem are associationism, Gestalt, and information processing. Each of these approaches involves fundamental issues in problem solving such as the nature of transfer, insight, and goal-directed heuristics, respectively. Some current research topics in problem solving include decision making, intelligence and creativity, teaching of thinking skills, expert problem solving, analogical reasoning, mathematical and scientific thinking, everyday thinking, and the cognitive neuroscience of problem solving. Common theme concerns the domain specificity of problem solving and a focus on problem solving in authentic contexts.

Connecting Modernities

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Maddanu ◽  
Hatem N. Akil
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Global Awareness ◽  
Global Ethics ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Global Modernity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Problem Solving Strategies ◽  
Nature And Society

Editors’ introductory chapter delineates common threads among the volume’s cross-disciplinary contributions and connects these to the history of research on modernity as well as the most compelling issues confronting us today. The introduction discusses how the pandemic carries on the possibility (threat?) of a tabula rasa condition, a civilizational detour based on a foundation of global awareness of nature and society. The authors support the need for global problem-solving strategies, new global ethics, and a global resource management paradigm solidly cognizant of the commons and redistribution. The introduction explores the main hiatuses in today’s modernity and provides an update to the necessary assertion of a global modernity in the midst of political, ecological, and health crises.

History of Research in Mammalian Sexual Behavior

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 545-546
Author(s):  
Rae Silver
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

Review of early developmental stages of trilobites and agnostids from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic)

2017 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Lukáš Laibl ◽  
Oldřich Fatka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barrandian Area ◽  
Early Developmental

This contribution briefly summarizes the history of research, modes of preservation and stratigraphic distribution of 51 trilobite and five agnostid taxa from the Barrandian area, for which the early developmental stages have been described.

Bayesian Inference in Human Time Perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
Perception Of Time

Time is a fundamental dimension of human perception, cognition and action, as the perception and cognition of temporal information is essential for everyday activities and survival. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the neural and computational bases for the processing of time remains unknown. First, we present a brief history of research and the methods used in time perception and then discuss the psychophysical approach to time, extant models of time perception, and advancing inconsistencies between each account that this review aims to bridge the gap between. Recent work has advocated a Bayesian approach to time perception. This framework has been applied to both duration and perceived timing, where prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) are combined with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate the perception of temporal properties (posterior distribution). In general, these models predict that the brain uses temporal expectations to bias perception in a way that stimuli are ‘regularized’ i.e. stimuli look more like what has been seen before. Evidence for this framework has been found using human psychophysical testing (experimental methods to quantify behaviour in the perceptual system). Finally, an outlook for how these models can advance future research in temporal perception is discussed.

Perfektives und Imperfektives Partizip

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 27-79
Author(s):  
Marc Brose
Keyword(s):  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Semantic

“Perfective and Imperfective Participle”: This article deals with the basic semantic opposition of the two types of Egyptian participles, jri̯ and jrr. After an extended overview of the history of research presenting the classical approaches of K. Sethe and A. H. Gardiner, who both used established terms of models of tense and aspect, and also the advanced approaches of W. Schenkel, J. P. Allen, K. Jansen-Winkeln and E. Oreál, who introduced new concepts and terminolgy and so tried to overcome the classical approaches, it is nevertheless shown that the classification of the opposition as “perfective–imperfective”, with modernized definitions in contrast to Gardiner’s, suffices to explain the entire functional range of the two types and that the advanced approaches are not necessary.

Angkor Wat: A transcultural history of heritages

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Chanratana Chen
Keyword(s):  
Architectural History ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Black And White ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Photographs ◽  
The University

In December 2019, Michael Falser, of the University of Heidelberg, a specialist on heritage preservation and the art and architectural history of South and Southeast Asia, published his two-volume study, Angkor Wat: A transcultural history of heritages, which he had spent almost ten years researching. The volumes cover the history of research of the most famous monument in Cambodia, Angkor Wat, the world's largest religious monument, listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1992. The two volumes include more than 1,400 black-and-white and colour illustrations, including historical photographs and the author's own photographs, architectural plans and samples of tourist brochures and media clips about Angkor Wat, which has been represented as a national and international icon for almost 150 years, since the 1860s.

Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy: The Application of the Academic Discipline of Kinesiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Melinda A. Solmon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Physical Education Teacher ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Physical Education Teacher Education ◽  
Sport Pedagogy ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Research On Teaching ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

Scholarship related to physical education and sport pedagogy is rigorous and should be central to the academic discipline of kinesiology. The goal of this article is to situate physical education and sport pedagogy as an applied field in kinesiology, grounded in the assumption that physical education, as the professional or technical application of the broader academic discipline, is of critical importance to the success of kinesiology. A brief overview of the history of research on teaching physical education is followed by an overview of the streams of research that have evolved. Major tenets of research on effective teaching and curricular reform are discussed. The status of physical education teacher education and school physical education programs is considered, and a rationale for a broader view of pedagogy that has the potential not only to promote physical education and sport pedagogy but also to enrich the academic discipline is offered.

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