Imaging Techniques in Nutrition and the Assessment of Bone Status: Computed Tomography

Author(s):  
Adrian K. Dixon
2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Wanda Acampa ◽  
Mario Petretta ◽  
Carmela Nappi ◽  
Alberto Cuocolo ◽  
◽  
...  

Many non-invasive imaging techniques are available for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary heart disease. Among these, computed-tomography-based techniques allow the quantification of coronary atherosclerotic calcium and non-invasive imaging of coronary arteries, whereas nuclear cardiology is the most widely used non-invasive approach for the assessment of myocardial perfusion. The available single-photon-emission computed tomography flow agents are characterised by a cardiac uptake proportional to myocardial blood flow. In addition, different positron emission tomography tracers may be used for the quantitative measurement of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve. Extensive research is being performed in the development of non-invasive coronary angiography and myocardial perfusion imaging using cardiac magnetic resonance. Finally, new multimodality imaging systems have recently been developed bringing together anatomical and functional information. This article provides a description of the available non-invasive imaging techniques in the assessment of coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion in patients with known or suspected coronary heart disease.


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 2167-2181
Author(s):  
Tatielle do Nascimento ◽  
Melanie Tavares ◽  
Mariana S.S.B. Monteiro ◽  
Ralph Santos-Oliveira ◽  
Adriane R. Todeschini ◽  
...  

Background: Cancer is a set of diseases formed by abnormal growth of cells leading to the formation of the tumor. The diagnosis can be made through symptoms’ evaluation or imaging tests, however, the techniques are limited and the tumor detection may be late. Thus, pharmaceutical nanotechnology has emerged to optimize the cancer diagnosis through nanostructured contrast agent’s development. Objective: This review aims to identify commercialized nanomedicines and patents for cancer diagnosis. Methods: The databases used for scientific articles research were Pubmed, Science Direct, Scielo and Lilacs. Research on companies’ websites and articles for the recognition of commercial nanomedicines was performed. The Derwent tool was applied for patent research. Results: This article aimed to research on nanosystems based on nanoparticles, dendrimers, liposomes, composites and quantum dots, associated to imaging techniques. Commercialized products based on metal and composite nanoparticles, associated with magnetic resonance and computed tomography, have been observed. The research conducted through Derwent tool displayed a small number of patents using nanotechnology for cancer diagnosis. Among these patents, the most significant number was related to the use of systems based on metal nanoparticles, composites and quantum dots. Conclusion: Although few systems are found in the market and patented, nanotechnology appears as a promising field for the development of new nanosystems in order to optimize and accelerate the cancer diagnosis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Wha Kim ◽  
Adams Hei Long Yuen ◽  
Cherry Tsz Ching Poon ◽  
Joon Oh Hwang ◽  
Chang Jun Lee ◽  
...  

AbstractDue to their important phylogenetic position among extant vertebrates, sharks are an invaluable group in evolutionary developmental biology studies. A thorough understanding of shark anatomy is essential to facilitate these studies and documentation of this iconic taxon. With the increasing availability of cross-sectional imaging techniques, the complicated anatomy of both cartilaginous and soft tissues can be analyzed non-invasively, quickly, and accurately. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed anatomical description of the normal banded houndshark (Triakis scyllium) using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with cryosection images. Three banded houndsharks were scanned using a 64-detector row spiral CT scanner and a 3 T MRI scanner. All images were digitally stored and assessed using open-source Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine viewer software in the transverse, sagittal, and dorsal dimensions. The banded houndshark cadavers were then cryosectioned at approximately 1-cm intervals. Corresponding transverse cryosection images were chosen to identify the best anatomical correlations for transverse CT and MRI images. The resulting images provided excellent detail of the major anatomical structures of the banded houndshark. The illustrations in the present study could be considered as a useful reference for interpretation of normal and pathological imaging studies of sharks.


2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1234.2-1235
Author(s):  
E. Cipolletta ◽  
G. Smerilli ◽  
R. Mashadi Mirza ◽  
A. DI Matteo ◽  
F. Salaffi ◽  
...  

Background:Only few articles evaluated the wrist in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD), although it is the second most frequent target of CPPD. Very recently, in a computed tomography (CT) study ligamentous calcifications were reported as a highly specific feature of CPPD at wrist level (1).Objectives:i) to determine the prevalence and distribution of the ultrasound (US) findings indicative of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal deposits at the wrist, with a particular focus on the dorsal aspect of the scapho-lunate ligament (SLL); ii) to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of US and conventional radiography (CR) in the evaluation of CPP crystal deposits at wrist level, iv) to assess the agreement between the different imaging techniques.Methods:Consecutive patients with a “definite” diagnosis of CPPD according to the Ryan and McCarty criteria and disease controls were prospectively included in this cross-sectional single-centre study. Dorsal part of the SLL, triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), and volar recess of the radio-lunate joint were explored using US (according to EULAR standard scans and OMERACT definitions), CR and CT.Results:Sixty-one CPPD patients and 39 disease controls were enrolled. Two-hundred wrists were evaluated using both CR and US. CT data of 26 (13.0%) wrists were available: 20 wrists in CPPD patients and 6 wrists in controls. CPP crystal deposits were found by US in at least one wrist in 95.1% of CPPD patients and in 15.4% of controls (p<0.001). SLL calcification was reported in 83.6% of CPPD patients and in 5.1% of controls (p<0.001). CPP crystal deposits were observed by US at the SLL and/or radio-lunate joint in 5.7% of wrists and 6.6% of CPPD patients, but not at the TFCC of the same wrist. On CR, calcifications were found in at least one wrist in 72.1% of CPPD patients and in 0% of controls (p<0.001). Using the Ryan-McCarty criteria as a gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy were 0.72 (0.59-0.83), 1.0 (0.91-1.0) and 0.83 (0.74-0.90) for CR and 0.95 (0.86-0.99), 0.85 (0.69-0.94) and 0.91 (0.84-0.96) for US. Table 1 shows the agreement between the different imaging techniques.Tabel 1.Agreement between US and the other imaging techniques in the evaluation of CPP crystal deposits at the wrist.US-CR (n=200)US-CT (n=26)TFCC0.55 (0.43-0.67)0.70 (0.43-0.97)SLL0.23 (0.07-0.39)0.69 (0.41-0.97)RLJ0.25 (0.09-0.41)0.46 (0.12-0.80)Legend.n: number of the wrists,RLJ: volar recess of the radio-lunate joint. Values in brackets are the 95% confidence intervals of the Cohen’s kappa.Figure 1provides a pictorial evidence of the appearance of CPP crystal deposits in the SLL.A: CPP crystal deposits (curved arrow) at the TFCC. The SLL is not assessable due to superimposition of other bones.B: in the same patient of figure 1A, CT scan shows the presence of a calcification of the dorsal aspect of the SLL (arrow).C: dorsal longitudinal scan of the SLL: isolated hyperechoic spot (arrowheads) inside the ligament.D: dorsal longitudinal scan of the SLL showing the presence of a large aggregate extending towards the extensor tendons and hyperechoic spots (arrowheads) within it.Legend.iii: third extensor compartment,iv: fourth extensor compartment,l: lunate bone,s:scaphoid bone.Conclusion:This study supports the diagnostic accuracy of US in evaluating wrist involvement in CPPD patients. SLL calcifications are a specific US finding of CPPD at wrist level.References:[1]Ziegeler K, Diekhoff T, Hermann S, et al. Low-dose computed tomography as diagnostic tool in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease arthropathy: focus on ligamentous calcifications of the wrist. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2019;37:826-33.Disclosure of Interests:Edoardo Cipolletta: None declared, Gianluca Smerilli: None declared, Riccardo Mashadi Mirza: None declared, Andrea Di Matteo Grant/research support from: the publication was conducted while Dr. Di Matteo was an ARTICULUM fellow, Fausto Salaffi Speakers bureau: Dr. Salaffi reports personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from AbbVie, personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme Italia, outside the submitted work., Walter Grassi Speakers bureau: Prof. Grassi reports personal fees from AbbVie, personal fees from Celgene, personal fees from Grünenthal, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Union Chimique Belge Pharma, outside the submitted work., Emilio Filippucci Speakers bureau: Dr. Filippucci reports personal fees from AbbVie, personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, personal fees from Celgene, personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Union Chimique Belge Pharma, personal fees from Pfizer, outside the submitted work.


Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 772
Author(s):  
Ana Pimentel ◽  
Jordi Bover ◽  
Grahame Elder ◽  
Martine Cohen-Solal ◽  
Pablo Antonio Ureña-Torres

Although frequently silent, mineral and bone disease (MBD) is one of the most precocious complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is omnipresent in patients with CKD stage 5. Its pathophysiology is complex, but basically, disturbances in vitamin D, phosphate, and calcium metabolism lead to a diverse range of clinical manifestations with secondary hyperparathyroidism usually being the most frequent. With the decline in renal function, CKD-MBD may induce microstructural changes in bone, vascular system and soft tissues, which results in macrostructural lesions, such as low bone mineral density (BMD) resulting in skeletal fractures, vascular and soft tissue calcifications. Moreover, low BMD, fractures, and vascular calcifications are linked with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality. Therefore, a better characterization of CKD-MBD patterns, beyond biochemical markers, is helpful to adapt therapies and monitor strategies as used in the general population. An in-depth characterization of bone health is required, which includes an evaluation of cortical and trabecular bone structure and density and the degree of bone remodeling through bone biomarkers. Standard radiological imaging is generally used for the diagnosis of fracture or pseudo-fractures, vascular calcifications and other features of CKD-MBD. However, bone fractures can also be diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and vertebral fracture assessment (VFA). Fracture risk can be predicted by bone densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), quantitative computed tomography (QTC) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQTC), quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and most recently magnetic resonance micro-imaging. Quantitative methods to assess bone consistency and strength complete the study and adjust the clinical management when integrated with clinical factors. The aim of this review is to provide a brief and comprehensive update of imaging techniques available for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and monitoring of CKD-MBD.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Ashok Sethi ◽  
Thomas Kaus ◽  
Naresh Sharma ◽  
Peter Sochor

Safe clinical practice in implant dentistry requires an accurate investigation of the availability of bone for implant placement and the avoidance of critical anatomical structures. Modern imaging techniques using computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) provide the clinician with the required information. The imaging thus obtained provides accurate representation of the height, width and length of the available bone.1 In addition, whenever adequate radiation dose is used, accurate information about the bone density in Hounsfield units can be obtained. Important spatial information regarding the orientation of the ridges and the relationship to the proposed prosthetic reconstruction can be obtained with the aid of radiopaque templates during the acquisition of CT scan data. Modern software also provides the facility to decide interactively upon the positioning of the implants and is able to relate this to a stereolithographic model constructed from the imaging data. A surgical guide for the accurate positioning of the implants can be constructed. The construction of screw retained prostheses is fraught with difficulties regarding the accuracy of the construction. Accurate fit of the prosthesis is difficult to obtain due to the inherent errors in impression taking, component discrepancies, investing and casting inaccuracies.2,3 CAD/CAM technology eliminates the inaccuracies involved with the investing and casting of superstructures. Clinical Case This case describes the management of an 84 year old female patient, who had recently lost her remaining mandibular anterior teeth. This resulted in the patient's inability to wear conventional dentures in the mandible.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald W. Staton Jr ◽  
Phuong-Anh T. Duong

Chest imaging techniques are evolving with recent advances in computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography. While conventional radiography remains an important screening tool because of its low relative cost, ease of acquisition, general availability, and familiarity, physicians must understand all techniques so as to provide patients with the most appropriate diagnostic imaging. Consultation with radiologists, use of online clinical decision support, and adherence to national guidelines such as the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria®, can help clinicians make imaging decisions, especially in light of medical imaging risks that are of concern in the medical community and the general population. Choosing appropriate imaging, including whether or not to image, requires careful consideration. This review contains 6 figures, 3 tables, and 6 references. Key Words: Chest Radiographs, Dual-Energy Chest Radiographs, Computed Tomography, High-Resolution Chest Computed Tomography, Multidetector Row Computed Tomography, Computed Tomographic Angiography for Pulmonary Embolism, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Single-Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT), Ultrasonography 


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 346-354
Author(s):  
Alain G. Blum ◽  
Marnix T. van Holsbeeck ◽  
Stefano Bianchi

AbstractThe unique anatomical characteristics of the thumb offer a broad range of motion and the ability to oppose thumb and finger, an essential function for grasping. The motor function of the thumb and its orientation make it particularly vulnerable to trauma. Pathologic lesions encountered in this joint are varied, and imaging techniques play a crucial role in injury detection and characterization. Despite advances in diagnostic accuracy, acute thumb injuries pose a challenge for the radiologist. The complex and delicate anatomy requires meticulous and technically flawless image acquisition. Standard radiography and ultrasonography are currently the most frequently used imaging techniques. Computed tomography is most often indicated for complex fractures and dislocations, and magnetic resonance imaging may be useful in equivocal cases. In this article, we present the relevant anatomy and imaging techniques of the thumb.


2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. e9-e10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Evans ◽  
Chris Craig

Often believed to be a poor prognostic sign, hepatoportal venous gas (HPVG) has been associated with massive intra-abdominal sepsis. It is more frequently detected as computed tomography imaging techniques improve. A patient presenting with radiological evidence of HPVG is discussed and the literature reviewed. This study aims to highlight the increasing understanding that HPVG may sometimes follow a more indolent course than previously believed. Patient assessment is the key in selecting those who need urgent laparotomy.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junaid Nabi ◽  
Danish Rafiq ◽  
Fatema N. Authoy ◽  
Ghulam Nabi Sofi

Introduction. Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare tumor that is benign in nature, usually asymptomatic, unilateral, and nonsecreting. It is composed of variable mixture of mature adipose tissue and hematopoietic elements and develops within the adrenal gland. With the widespread use of cross-sectional imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and computed tomography, the incidental detection of these tumors is increasing in frequency.Case Presentation. We report a case of adrenal myelolipoma in a 63-year-old Kashmiri male, who presented with pain in the right upper abdomen. Physical examination was unremarkable. Ultrasound abdomen showed the presence of a hyperechoic mass in the right suprarenal region with undefined margins. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan of abdomen revealed a well-defined, round lesion in the right suprarenal region with heterogeneous attenuation suggesting the possibility of myelolipoma. The patient was subjected to right adrenalectomy and his postoperative course was uneventful. The histopathological evaluation of the mass confirmed the initial diagnosis of adrenal myelolipoma.Conclusion. Although mostly discovered as an “incidentaloma”, the diagnosis of adrenal myelolipoma warrants thorough diagnostic study. Imaging techniques such as ultrasonography and CT scans as well as biochemical studies are useful for indicating the best treatment taking into account the size of the mass and possible hormone production. Surgical resection is advocated through extraperitoneal approach as it minimizes postoperative complications and leads to quicker recovery.


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