Spinal cord and spinal nerves: gross anatomy

2008 ◽  
pp. 749-761
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Spinal Nerves

scholarly journals Angioarchitecture of arteriovenous fistulas at the craniocervical junction: a multicenter cohort study of 54 patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1839-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masafumi Hiramatsu ◽  
Kenji Sugiu ◽  
Tomoya Ishiguro ◽  
Hiro Kiyosue ◽  
Kenichi Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Craniocervical Junction ◽  
Multicenter Cohort Study ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistulas ◽  
Multicenter Cohort ◽  
Av Shunt

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this retrospective multicenter cohort study was to assess the details of the angioarchitecture of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) at the craniocervical junction (CCJ) and to determine the associations between the angiographic characteristics and the clinical presentations and outcomes.METHODSThe authors analyzed angiographic and clinical data for patients with CCJ AVFs from 20 participating centers that are members of the Japanese Society for Neuroendovascular Therapy (JSNET). Angiographic findings (feeding artery, location of AV shunt, draining vein) and patient data (age, sex, presentation, treatment modality, outcome) were tabulated and stratified based on the angiographic types of the lesions, as diagnosed by a member of the CCJ AVF study group, which consisted of a panel of 6 neurointerventionalists and 1 spine neurosurgeon.RESULTSThe study included 54 patients (median age 65 years, interquartile range 61–75 years) with a total of 59 lesions. Five angiographic types were found among the 59 lesions: Type 1, dural AVF (22 [37%] of 59); Type 2, radicular AVF (17 [29%] of 59); Type 3, epidural AVF (EDAVF) with pial feeders (8 [14%] of 59); Type 4, EDAVF (6 [10%] of 59); and Type 5, perimedullary AVF (6 [10%] of 59). In almost all lesions (98%), AV shunts were fed by radiculomeningeal arteries from the vertebral artery that drained into intradural or epidural veins through AV shunts on the dura mater, on the spinal nerves, in the epidural space, or on the spinal cord. In more than half of the lesions (63%), the AV shunts were also fed by a spinal pial artery from the anterior spinal artery (ASA) and/or the lateral spinal artery. The data also showed that the angiographic characteristics associated with hemorrhagic presentations—the most common presentation of the lesions (73%)—were the inclusion of the ASA as a feeder, the presence of aneurysmal dilatation on the feeder, and CCJ AVF Type 2 (radicular AVF). Treatment outcomes differed among the angiographic types of the lesions.CONCLUSIONSCraniocervical junction AVFs commonly present with hemorrhage and are frequently fed by both radiculomeningeal and spinal pial arteries. The AV shunt develops along the C-1 or C-2 nerve roots and can be located on the spinal cord, on the spinal nerves, and/or on the inner or outer surface of the dura mater.

On the Reaction to Light of Myxine Glutinosa L

1955 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-21
Author(s):  
D. R. NEWTH ◽  
D. M. ROSS
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Myxine Glutinosa ◽  
Secondary Reactions

1. Myxine glutinosa responds to illumination by active locomotory movements. 2. The response to light occurs some time after the onset of illumination. This time can be resolved, after the method of Hecht, into a sensitization period and a latent period. 3. Analysis of the relation of sensitization period and latent period to intensity of illumination and other factors shows that photoreception in Myxine is essentially similar to that of a number of other animals, including the ammocoete, but suggests that the secondary reactions initiated by the production of photolytes during sensitization occur during both sensitization and latent periods and not during the latent period alone. 4. The photoreceptors of Myxine are located in the skin and are present only, or mostly, at the anterior end of the head and in the region of the cloaca. Nervous impulses travel from the posterior photoreceptors through spinal nerves to the spinal cord.

Anesthesia for Neonatal Myelomeningocele

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Anna Clebone
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Bony Defect ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Spina Bifida Aperta ◽  
Human Fetal Development

Myelomeningocele, also known as spina bifida aperta (often shortened to the nonspecific name “spina bifida”) is a congenital disorder of the spine. In infants with a myelomeningocele, the neural tube has not closed, and the vertebral arches have not fused during development, leading to spinal cord and meningeal herniation through the skin. Because of the high potential for injury and infection of the exposed spinal cord, which could lead to lifetime disability, these lesions are typically repaired within 24 to 48 hours after birth. A myelomeningocele occurs before day 28 of human fetal development and is an abnormality in which the posterior neural tube closes incompletely. The outcome is a vertebral column deformity, through which the meningeal-lined sac herniates. After the bony defect is created, the hypothesized mechanism of meningeal herniation is that the pulsations of cerebrospinal fluid act progressively to balloon out the spinal cord. If the sac is filled with spinal nerves or the spinal cord, it is known as a myelomeningocele; if the sac is empty, it is called a meningocele.

Interventional-Related Spine Anatomy

2018 ◽  
pp. 669-678
Author(s):  
Edward Jack Ebani ◽  
Kathryn Dean ◽  
Apostolos John Tsiouris
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

This chapter on interventional-related spine anatomy provides a concise overview of normal spinal anatomy, as well as commonly encountered pathologic conditions, with a particular emphasis on the relevant imaging findings. The introduction outlines potential sources of back pain and their presenting symptomatology. The chapter reviews the main imaging modalities used to evaluate the spine and discusses their specific advantages and disadvantages. The anatomy of the muscles of the vertebral column, the vertebral column itself, and common variations), intervertebral ligaments and discs, vertebral joints, meninges and spinal cord, spinal nerves, and vasculature of the spinal column and spinal cord are reviewed. The discussion includes multiple radiographic, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and angiographic images, as well as illustrations to supplement the text.

Normal anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Casha ◽  
Philippe Mercier
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Sensory Afferents ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Sacral Spine

The spinal cord and peripheral nerves carry motor and autonomic efferents, as well as sensory afferents connecting the cerebrum with the body. Efferent and afferent fibres form predictable tracts within the spinal cord, forming spinal nerves as they exit the spinal canal. Peripheral nerves are often formed from complicated plexuses of spinal nerves in the cervical, lumbar, and sacral spine. Dermatomes are formed from spinal nerves that innervate specific areas of skin, while myotomes innervate a specific set of muscles. The detailed anatomy of these structures are discussed. Knowledge of the anatomy of these structures is relevant to many clinical situations encountered in the intensive care unit especially with caring for neurological, neurosurgical, orthopaedic, and trauma patients.

scholarly journals History of spinal cord localization

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sait Naderi ◽  
Uğur Türe ◽  
T. Glenn Pait
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Cord Injury

The first reference to spinal cord injury is recorded in the Edwin Smith papyrus. Little was known of the function of the cord before Galen's experiments conducted in the second century AD. Galen described the protective coverings of the spinal cord: the bone, posterior longitudinal ligament, dura mater, and pia mater. He gave a detailed account of the gross anatomy of the spinal cord. During the medieval period (AD 700–1500) almost nothing of note was added to Galen's account of spinal cord structure. The first significant work on the spinal cord was that of Blasius in 1666. He was the first to differentiate the gray and white matter of the cord and demonstrated for the first time the origin of the anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots. The elucidation of the various tracts in the spinal cord actually began with demonstrations of pyramidal decussation by Mistichelli (1709) and Pourfoir du Petit (1710). Huber (1739) recorded the first detailed account of spinal roots and the denticulate ligaments. In 1809, Rolando described the substantia gelati-nosa. The microtome, invented in 1824 by Stilling, proved to be one of the fundamental tools for the study of spinal cord anatomy. Stilling's technique involved slicing frozen or alcohol-hardened spinal cord into very thin sections and examining them unstained by using the naked eye or a microscope. With improvements in histological and experimental techniques, modern studies of spinal cord anatomy and function were initiated by Brown-Séquard. In 1846, he gave the first demonstration of the decussation of the sensory tracts. The location and direction of fiber tracts were uncovered by the experimental studies of Burdach (1826), Türck (1849), Clarke (1851), Lissauer (1855), Goll (1860), Flechsig (1876), and Gowers (1880). Bastian (1890) demonstrated that in complete transverse lesions of the spinal cord, reflexes below the level of the lesion are lost and muscle tone is abolished. Flatau (1894) observed the laminar nature of spinal pathways. The 20th century ushered in a new era in the evaluation of spinal cord function and localization; however, the total understanding of this remarkable organ remains elusive. Perhaps the next century will provide the answers to today's questions about spinal cord localization.

Sympathetic vasomotor outflows to hindlimb muscles of the cat

1978 ◽  
Vol 235 (5) ◽  
pp. H482-H487 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Sonnenschein ◽  
M. L. Weissman
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electromagnetic Flowmeter ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Sympathetic Chain ◽  
Vascular Conductance ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Functional Pathways ◽  
Ventral Roots ◽  
Stimulation Of

Blood flow to the hindlimb muscles of chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed cats was monitored with an electromagnetic flowmeter on the femoral artery. The functional pathways of the sympathetic constrictor and dilator innervations to the vasculature of these muscles were determined by measuring changes in vascular conductance during electrical stimulation of 1) ventral roots T12-L7 (exit of preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord and entrance into the sympathetic chain), 2) the distally intact sympathetic chain at successive levels between the L1 and L7 ganglia (presence of caudally running vasomotor fibers in the chain at each level), and 3) isolated sympathetic ganglia L2-L7 (exit of postganglionic vasomotor fibers from the chain at each level). Our results indicate that vasoconstrictor fibers emerge from ventral roots T12-L4 with maximum functional outflow at L1-L3; the fibers course downward through the sympathetic chain to exit from the chain mainly at L5-L7 or below. In contrast, the preganglionic origin of cholinergic vasodilator fibers, tested after blocking the constrictor fibers with bretylium, is limited to ventral roots L2-L5, with maximum outflow at L4. The vasodilator fibers leave the sympathetic chain to enter the spinal nerves at the same levels as the vasoconstrictor fibers.

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