A MODULAR APPROACH TO GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES EVIDENCE FROM LANGUAGE DIVERSITY AND CONTACT

Biblical Hebrew lqr't is situated at the intersection of grammatical categories as a content item and a function word. The analysis of any given token is confounded by this diversity and its variously encoded denotations: the infinitive construct “to meet” and the polysemous prepositions, the directional TOWARD and the adversative AGAINST. The usage in Exodus 14:27 (wmsrym nsym lqr'tw) prompts a number of different analyses. Interpretations include: hoi de aigyptioi ephygon hypo to hydor (LXX); wmsry' -'rqyn lqwblh (Peshitta); fugientibusque Ægyptiis occurrerunt aquæ (Vulgate); “the Egyptians fled at its approach” (NJPS); “the Egyptians fled before it” (NRSV); and “the Egyptians were fleeing toward it” (NIV). This study examines lqr't by comparing a range of grammatical methods. These approaches centre evolutionary growth (philology), syntagmatic and paradigmatic features (structuralism), functional usage (eclectic linguistics), and cross-linguistic development (grammaticalisation) in order to explore questions of the origin, development, and usage of lqr't. The combined approaches help to situate and construct an archaeology of linguistic knowledge and a genealogy of philological change of language and text.

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A Revised Modular Approach to D8-THC and Derivatives Through Late-Stage Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions

10.26434/chemrxiv.7553444.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Victor Bloemendal ◽

Floris P. J. T. Rutjes ◽

Thomas J. Boltje ◽

Daan Sondag ◽

Hidde Elferink ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Late Stage ◽

Medicinal Chemistry ◽

Cross Coupling ◽

Modular Approach ◽

Coupling Reactions ◽

One Pot ◽

Biologically Relevant ◽

Cross Coupling Reactions ◽

Chemistry Research

In this manuscript we describe a modular pathway to synthesize biologically relevant (–)-trans-Δ8-THC derivatives, which can be used to modulate the pharmacologically important CB1 and CB2 receptors. This pathway involves a one-pot Friedel-Crafts alkylation/cyclization protocol, followed by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions and gives rise to a series of new Δ8-THC derivatives. In addition, we demonstrate using extensive NMR evidence that similar halide-substituted Friedel-Crafts alkylation/cyclization products in previous articles were wrongly assigned as the para-isomers, which also has consequence for the assignment of the subsequent cross-coupled products and interpretation of their biological activity. Considering the importance of the availability of THC derivatives in medicinal chemistry research and the fact that previously synthesized compounds were wrongly assigned, we feel this research is describing a straightforward pathway into new cannabinoids.

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The Total Synthesis of Rhabdastrellic Acid A

10.26434/chemrxiv.7479944 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Yaroslav Boyko ◽

Christopher Huck ◽

David Sarlah

Keyword(s):

Total Synthesis ◽

Late Stage ◽

Cross Coupling ◽

Side Chains ◽

General Strategy ◽

Modular Approach ◽

Linear Sequence ◽

Generating Sequence ◽

First Time

<div>The first total synthesis of rhabdastrellic acid A, a highly cytotoxic isomalabaricane triterpenoid, has been accomplished in a linear sequence of 14 steps from commercial geranylacetone. The prominently strained trans-syn-trans-perhydrobenz[e]indene core characteristic of the isomalabaricanes is efficiently accessed in a selective manner for the first time through a rapid, complexity-generating sequence incorporating a reductive radical polyene cyclization, an unprecedented oxidative Rautenstrauch cycloisomerization, and umpolung 𝛼-substitution of a p-toluenesulfonylhydrazone with in situ reductive transposition. A late-stage cross-coupling in concert with a modular approach to polyunsaturated side chains renders this a general strategy for the synthesis of numerous family members of these synthetically challenging and hitherto inaccessible marine triterpenoids.</div>

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McKay, Sandra and Cynthia Wong, eds. Language Diversity: Problem or Resource? New York: Newbury House, 1988McKay, Sandra and Cynthia Wong, eds. Language Diversity: Problem or Resource? New York: Newbury House, 1988. Pp. 386.

Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes ◽

10.3138/cmlr.46.2.380 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 380-382

Author(s):

Bill Corr

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Language Diversity

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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF VERBS IN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN

Knowledge International Journal ◽

10.35120/kij28072245s ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 2245-2249

Author(s):

Suzana Ejupi ◽

Lindita Skenderi

Keyword(s):

Foreign Language ◽

Learning Process ◽

English Learners ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

English Language ◽

Target Language ◽

Part Of Speech ◽

Grammatical Categories ◽

Learning English

Working with English learners for many years, gives you the opportunity to encounter linguistic obstacles that they face while learning English language as a foreign language. Additionally, teaching for 13 years and observing the learning process, it enables you to recognize the students’ needs and at the same time, detect linguistic mistakes that they make, while practicing the target language. During my experience as a teacher, in terms of teaching and learning verbs in general and its grammatical categories in specific, it is noticed that Albanian learners find it relatively difficult the correct use of verbs in context and even more confusing the equivalent use of verbs in Albanian. Since verbs present an important part of speech, this study aims to investigate several differences and similarities between grammatical categories of verbs in English and Albanian. As a result, the Albanian learners of English language will be able to identify some of the major differences and similarities between the grammatical categories of verbs in English and Albanian; overcome the usual mistakes; gain the necessary knowledge regarding verbs and use them properly in English and Albanian.

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