Effects of Breastfeeding, Formula Feeding, and Complementary Feeding on Rapid Weight Gain in the First Year of Life

The early life gut microbiota has been reported to be involved in neonatal weight gain and later infant growth. Therefore, this early microbiota may constitute a target for the promotion of healthy neonatal growth and development with potential consequences for later life. Unfortunately, we are still far from understanding the association between neonatal microbiota and weight gain and growth. In this context, we evaluated the relationship between early microbiota and weight in a cohort of full-term infants. The absolute levels of specific fecal microorganisms were determined in 88 vaginally delivered and 36 C-section-delivered full-term newborns at 1 month of age and their growth up to 12 months of age. We observed statistically significant associations between the levels of some early life gut microbes and infant weight gain during the first year of life. Classifying the infants into tertiles according to their Staphylococcus levels at 1 month of age allowed us to observe a significantly lower weight at 12 months of life in the C-section-delivered infants from the highest tertile. Univariate and multivariate models pointed out associations between the levels of some fecal microorganisms at 1 month of age and weight gain at 6 and 12 months. Interestingly, these associations were different in vaginally and C-section-delivered babies. A significant direct association between Staphylococcus and weight gain at 1 month of life was observed in vaginally delivered babies, whereas in C-section-delivered infants, lower Bacteroides levels at 1 month were associated with higher later weight gain (at 6 and 12 months). Our results indicate an association between the gut microbiota and weight gain in early life and highlight potential microbial predictors for later weight gain.

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Association Between Added Sugars from Infant Formulas and Rapid Weight Gain in US Infants and Toddlers

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxab044 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kai Ling Kong ◽

Brenda Burgess ◽

Katherine S Morris ◽

Tyler Re ◽

Holly R Hull ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Infants And Toddlers ◽

Rapid Weight Gain ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Added Sugar ◽

Added Sugars ◽

Solid Foods ◽

Sectional Analysis ◽

Weight For Age

ABSTRACT Background Formulas often contain high amounts of added sugars, though little research has studied their connection to obesity. Objectives This study assessed the contribution of added sugars from formulas during complementary feeding on total added sugar intakes, and the association between these sugars and upward weight-for-age percentile (WFA%) crossing (i.e., participants crossing a higher threshold percentile were considered to have an upward crossing). Methods Data from three 24-hour dietary recalls for infants (n = 97; 9–12 months) and toddlers (n = 44; 13–15 months) were obtained in this cross-sectional analysis. Foods and beverages with added sugars were divided into 17 categories. Pearson's correlations were used to test relations between added sugar intake and upward WFA% crossing, followed by multivariable regressions when significant. ANOVA compared intakes of all, milk-based, and table foods between primarily formula-fed compared with breastfed participants. Multivariable regressions were used to test effects of added sugars and protein from all foods compared with added sugars and protein from milk-based sources on upward WFA% crossing. Results Added sugars from formulas comprised 66% and 7% of added sugars consumed daily by infants and toddlers, respectively. A significant association was observed between upward WFA% crossing and added sugars from milk-based sources after controlling for gestational age, sex, age, introduction to solid foods, mean energy intakes, and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and education (β = 0.003; 95% CI, 0.000–0.007; P = 0.046). Primarily formula-fed participants consumed nearly twice the energy from added sugars (P = 0.003) and gained weight faster (upward WFA% crossing = 1.1 ± 1.2 compared with 0.3 ± 0.6, respectively; P < 0.001) than their breastfed counterparts. Conclusions Added sugars in formulas predict rapid weight gain in infants and toddlers. Educating mothers on lower-sugar options may enhance childhood obesity prevention.

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Complementary feeding patterns in the first year of life in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: time trends from 1998 to 2008

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00120013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (8) ◽

pp. 1755-1764 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Daniel Alves de Oliveira ◽

Inês Rugani Ribeiro de Castro ◽

Patricia Constante Jaime

Keyword(s):

Time Trends ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Linear Trend ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

First Year ◽

Significant Downward Trend ◽

One Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

The City

This study aimed to analyze time trends in complementary feeding practices among children under one year of age in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1998 to 2008. Based on comparable questions on food consumption in five surveys conducted in representative randomized samples of children in 1998 (n = 3,762), 2000 (n = 3,670), 2003 (n = 4,305), 2006 (n = 3,686), and 2008 (n = 2,621), 16 complementary feeding indicators were constructed. The percentage frequency of all indicators was estimated for each year of the study. Linear trend analyses were also conducted by means of multivariate regression models. All indicators of early complementary feeding decreased from 1998 to 2008. In the 6-11.9 month age group, there was a significant downward trend in the proportion of children receiving food with adequate consistency for their age, consumption of iron-rich foods, and overall adequacy of the diet. A significant upward trend in fruit consumption was observed. There was a decrease in the early complementary feeding, and generally a worsening of complementary feeding practices in children aged 6-11.9 months in Rio de Janeiro during the period studied.

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Maternal Obesity, Gestational Weight Gain, and Childhood Growth in the First Year of Life

Obesity During Pregnancy in Clinical Practice ◽

10.1007/978-1-4471-2831-1_10 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 229-256

Author(s):

Deborah B. Ehrenthal ◽

Cynthia S. Minkovitz ◽

Donna M. Strobino

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

First Year ◽

Childhood Growth ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

First Year Of Life

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Weight gain, feeding and eating in the first year of life of babies of smoking and non-smoking mothers

Early Human Development ◽

10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104889 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 140 ◽

pp. 104889

Author(s):

Lilac Lev-Ari ◽

Rachel Bachner-Melman ◽

Ada H. Zohar ◽

Richard Ebstein ◽

David Mankuta

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

First Year ◽

First Year Of Life

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Influence of excessive weight gain in infants of the first year of life on the risk of obesity in schoolchildren

Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii ◽

10.20953/1817-7646-2017-5-7-11 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 5-11

Author(s):

R.N. Trefilov ◽

◽

L.V. Sofronova ◽

R.M. Akhmedova ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

First Year ◽

Excessive Weight Gain ◽

Excessive Weight ◽

First Year Of Life

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Relation between Birth Weight, Growth, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Adulthood

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/926912 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maria Helena Valente ◽

Filumena Maria da Silva Gomes ◽

Isabela Judith Martins Benseñor ◽

Alexandra Valéria Maria Brentani ◽

Ana Maria de Ulhôa Escobar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Intima Media Thickness ◽

First Year ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Low Hdl ◽

Right Lobe ◽

First Year Of Life

Background and Objectives.Adverse conditions in the prenatal environment and in the first years of life are independently associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This paper aims to study the relation between birthweight, growth in the first year of life, and subclinical atherosclerosis in adults.Methods.88 adults aged between 20 and 31 were submitted to sociodemographic qualities, anthropometric data, blood pressure measurements, metabolic profile, and evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis.Results.Birthweight <2,500 grams (g) was negatively correlated with (a) increased waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), according to regression coefficient (RC) equal to −0.323, 95% CI [−0.571, −0.075]P<0.05; (b) diastolic blood pressure (RC = −4.744, 95% CI [−9.017, −0.470]P<0.05); (c) low HDL-cholesterol (RC = −0.272, 95% CI [−0.516, −0.029]P<0.05); (d) frequency of intima-media thickness (IMT) of left carotid >75th percentile (RC = −0.242, 95% CI [−0.476, −0.008]P<0.05). Birthweight >3,500 g was associated with (a) BMI >25.0 kg/m2, (RC = 0.317, 95% CI [0.782, 0.557]P<0.05); (b) increased waist circumference (RC = 0.284, 95% CI [0.054, 0.513]P<0.05); (c) elevated WHR (RC = 0.280, 95% CI [0.054, 0.505]P<0.05); (d) minimum subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (RC = 4.354, 95% CI [0.821, 7.888]P<0.05); (e) maximum SAT (RC = 7.095, 95% CI [0.608, 13.583]P<0.05); (f) right lobe of the liver side (RC = 6.896, 95% CI [1.946, 11.847]P<0.001); (g) frequency’s right lobe of the liver >75th percentile (RC = 0.361, 95% CI [0.169, 0.552]P<0.001). Weight gain in the first year of life was inversely correlated with (a) mean IMT of left carotid (RC = −0.046, 95% CI [−0.086, −0.006]P<0.05; (b) frequency IMT of left carotid >75th percentile (RC = −0.253, 95% CI [−0.487, −0.018]P<0.05); (c) mean IMT (RC = −0.038, 95% CI [0.073, −0.002]P<0.05); (d) the frequency of the mean IMT >75th percentile (RC = −0.241, 95% CI [−0.442, −0.041]P<0.05).Conclusions.Adults birthweight <2,500 g and >3,500 g and with insufficient weight gain in the first year of life have showed different metabolic phenotypes, but all of them were related to subclinical atherosclerosis.

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