scholarly journals Leaf wetness duration in irrigated citrus orchards in the Mediterranean climate conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 234-235 ◽  
pp. 182-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel. D.M. Bassimba ◽  
Diego S. Intrigliolo ◽  
Anna Dalla Marta ◽  
Simone Orlandini ◽  
Antonio Vicent
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Leaf Wetness Duration ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
The Mediterranean

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Soil Salinization Due to Tomato Cultivation in Mediterranean Climate Conditions

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Libutti ◽  
Anna Cammerino ◽  
Massimo Monteleone
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
The Mediterranean

The Mediterranean climate is marked by arid climate conditions in summer; therefore, crop irrigation is crucial to sustain plant growth and productivity in this season. If groundwater is utilized for irrigation, an impressive water pumping system is needed to satisfy crop water requirements at catchment scale. Consequently, irrigation water quality gets worse, specifically considering groundwater salinization near the coastal areas due to seawater intrusion, as well as triggering soil salinization. With reference to an agricultural coastal area in the Mediterranean basin (southern Italy), close to the Adriatic Sea, an assessment of soil salinization risk due to processing tomato cultivation was carried out. A simulation model was first arranged, then validated, and finally applied to perform a water and salt balance along a representative soil profile on a daily basis. In this regard, long-term weather data and physical soil characteristics of the considered area (both taken from international databases) were utilized in applying the model, as well as considering three salinity levels of irrigation water. Based on the climatic analysis performed and the model outputs, the probability of soil salinity came out very high, such as to seriously threaten tomato yield. Autumn–winter rainfall frequently proved to be insufficient to leach excess salts away from the soil profile and reach sustainable conditions of tomato cultivation. Therefore, alternative cropping strategies were investigated.

scholarly journals Factors influencing the morphogenesis of galls induced by Calophya mammifex (Calophyidae) on Schinus polygama (Anacardiaceae) leaves

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 589-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubia M. Guedes ◽  
Narciso Aguilera ◽  
Bruno G. Ferreira ◽  
José Becerra ◽  
Katia Sáez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Specialized Tissue ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Tissue Compartments

Environment, plant, and gall-inducing insect genotypes are key factors in determining the morphogenesis of galls. However, the exact roles of these factors have not been clarified. We used anatomical and histochemical methods to evaluate the determining factors in the final structure of galls induced by Calophya mammifex on leaves of Schinus polygama (Cav.) Cabrera under the Mediterranean climate conditions of southern Chile. Also, we compared mature galls with those induced by the congeneric Calophya rubra on the same host plant. Calophya mammifex develops a univoltine life cycle and a diapause period in the Mediterranean climate conditions of southern Chile. Morphogenetic and histochemical leaf patterns were altered by C. mammifex feeding activity. For the first time, two specialized tissue compartments, a nutritive-like tissue and a common storage tissue, are reported for Calophyidae-induced galls in the Mediterranean region of southern Chile. Galls induced by C. mammifex and C. rubra have sufficient anatomical and histochemical alterations to be diagnosed as complex structures, whose distinction in vascular system differentiation implies structural constraints imposed by host plant organs.

scholarly journals Performance of cylindrical leaf wetness duration sensors in a tropical climate condition

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (spe) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Alvarez Santos ◽  
Paulo Cesar Sentelhas ◽  
Terry James Gillespie ◽  
Jorge Lulu
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Flat Plates ◽  
Leaf Wetness Duration ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Tropical Conditions

Leaf wetness duration (LWD) measurements are required for disease warning in several agricultural systems, since it is an important variable for the diagnose of plant disease epidemiology. The cylindrical sensor is an inexpensive and simple electronic LWD sensor initially designed to measure this variable for onions, however some studies show that it may be helpful for standard measurements in weather stations and also for different crops. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess their performance under tropical climate conditions, in Brazil, having as standard measurements those obtained by flat plate sensors, which have presented very good performance when compared with visual observations. Before field assessments, all LWD sensors used in our study (flat plates and cylinders) were white latex painted and submitted to a heat treatment. Laboratory tests were performed in order to determine the resistance threshold for the sensor to be considered wet and the time response of the sensors to wetness. In the field, all cylindrical sensors were initially deployed horizontally 30-cm above a turfgrass surface in order to assess the variability among them with respect to LWD measurements. The variability among the horizontal cylindrical sensors was reduced by using a specific resistance threshold for each sensor. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) of LWD data measured by the cylindrical sensors was 9.7%. After that, the cylindrical sensors were deployed at five different angles: 0º, 15º, 30º, 45º, and 60º. Data of measurements made at these angles were compared with the standard measurement, obtained by flat plate sensors at the same height and installed at 45º. The deployment angle had no systematic effect on LWD measurements for the local tropical conditions, since the correlations between flat plate and elevated cylinder measurements were very high (R² > 0.91), which differed from the results obtained under temperate climatic conditions, where LWD measured by cylinders were two hours longer than by flat plate sensors.

scholarly journals Effects and Economic Sustainability of Biochar Application on Corn Production in a Mediterranean Climate

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3313
Author(s):  
Juan Luis Aguirre ◽  
María Teresa Martín ◽  
Sergio González ◽  
Manuel Peinado
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mediterranean

The effects of two types of biochar on corn production in the Mediterranean climate during the growing season were analyzed. The two types of biochar were obtained from pyrolysis of Pinus pinaster. B1 was fully pyrolyzed with 55.90% organic carbon, and B2 was medium pyrolyzed with 23.50% organic carbon. B1 and B2 were supplemented in the soil of 20 plots (1 m2) at a dose of 4 kg/m2. C1 and C2 (10 plots each) served as control plots. The plots were automatically irrigated and fertilizer was not applied. The B1-supplemented plots exhibited a significant 84.58% increase in dry corn production per square meter and a 93.16% increase in corn wet weight (p << 0.001). Corn production was no different between B2-supplemented, C1, and C2 plots (p > 0.01). The weight of cobs from B1-supplemented plots was 62.3%, which was significantly higher than that of cobs from C1 and C2 plots (p < 0.01). The grain weight increased significantly by 23% in B1-supplemented plots (p < 0.01) and there were no differences between B2-supplemented, C1, and C2 plots. At the end of the treatment, the soil of the B1-supplemented plots exhibited increased levels of sulfate, nitrate, magnesium, conductivity, and saturation percentage. Based on these results, the economic sustainability of this application in agriculture was studied at a standard price of €190 per ton of biochar. Amortization of this investment can be achieved in 5.52 years according to this cost. Considering the fertilizer cost savings of 50% and the water cost savings of 25%, the amortization can be achieved in 4.15 years. If the price of biochar could be reduced through the CO2 emission market at €30 per ton of non-emitted CO2, the amortization can be achieved in 2.80 years. Biochar markedly improves corn production in the Mediterranean climate. However, the amortization time must be further reduced, and enhanced production must be guaranteed over the years with long term field trials so that the product is marketable or other high value-added crops must be identified.

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