Low methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate among Italian dental students

Abstract Background A high carriage rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with the mecC gene (mecC-MRSA) has been described among Wild European hedgehogs (Europeaus erineaus). Due to this frequent occurrence, it has been suggested that hedgehogs could be a natural reservoir for mecC-MRSA. However, the reason why hedgehogs carry mecC-MRSA remains unknown, but it has been hypothesized that mecC-MRSA could have evolved on the skin of hedgehogs due to the co-occurrence with antibiotic producing dermatophytes. The aim of this pilot-study was therefore to investigate if hedgehogs in Sweden carry Trichophyton spp. and to provide evidence that these dermatophytes are able to produce penicillin or similar substances. In addition, the study aimed to identify if dermatophytes co-occurred with mecC-MRSA. Methods Samples were collected from hedgehogs (Europeaus erineaus) that were euthanized or died of natural causes. All samples were screened for dermatophytes and mecC-MRSA using selective cultivation methods. Suspected isolates were characterized using PCR-based methods, genome sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. Identification of penicillin was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results In total 23 hedgehogs were investigated, and it was shown that two carried Trichophyton erinacei producing benzyl-penicillin, and that these hedgehogs also carried mecC-MRSA. The study also showed that 60% of the hedgehogs carried mecC-MRSA. Conclusion The pilot-study demonstrated that Trichophyton erinacei, isolated from Swedish hedgehogs, can produce benzylpenicillin and that these benzylpenicillin-producing T. erinacei co-occurred with mecC-MRSA. The study also reconfirmed the high occurrence of mecC-MRSA among hedgehogs.

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Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and associated factors in a rural tertiary hospital in Eastern Uganda: A prospective cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.2.13651/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nobert Thembo ◽

George Masifa ◽

Gerald Kamugisha ◽

Robinah Nabitaka ◽

Benjamin Akais ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistance ◽

Phenotypic Expression ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Regional Referral Hospital ◽

Methicillin Resistant

Abstract Background: Asymptomatic carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can predispose the host to a wide array of infections that can be difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. To inform public health strategies, the study sought to describe MRSA nasal carriage frequencies and the associated factors concerning nasal carriage among patients attending Mbale Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH). Methods: Nasal swabs were obtained from consented (aged >15years) participants presenting to the hospital for medical care between January and April 2018[L1] . Direct Culture of swabs was performed on blood agar and then incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours. Identification of S. aureus was done using conventional biochemical tests. Phenotypic screening and confirmation of MRSA was done using cefoxitin disc (30µg) test and MICs on the Phoenix M50 instrument respectively. Patient demographic characteristics and the MRSA nasal carriage risk factors were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Results: Overall, majority of the participants were in-patients (138, 63.3%) with the proportions of both females and males among the participants being 154/218 (70.6%) and 64/218 (29.3%) respectively. Mean age for both female and male participants was 40.16 (SD± 17.04) years respectively. S. aureus nasal carriage rate among the participants was 22.9% (50/218), with 57.9% (29/50) of the harboured strains phenotypically expressing methicillin resistance (mecA mediated). Phenotypic co-expression with inducible clindamycin resistance and vancomycin resistance was displayed in 45.5% (23/50) and 2% (1/50) of the studied isolates respectively. Colonisation with MRSA did not show any significant relationship with all the studied factors. Conclusion: There was a moderate S. aureus nasal carriage among the participants in Mbale Regional Referral Hospital with a highly noted phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance among the isolated S. aureus strains. The studied factors were not significantly associated with the rate of MRSA nasal carriage. For surveillance purposes to combat future outbreaks, there is a need to do a larger study to better draw generalizable conclusions of carriage in the population. [L1]This is an important statement. I suggest that we reinstatate it if we are still in recommended word count

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Carriage and Antibiogram of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus among Admitted Patients of a Surgical Ward in A Tertiary Hospital, South Western Uganda

10.21203/rs.3.rs-529905/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Musinguzi Benson ◽

Pross Mugimba ◽

Andrew Baguma ◽

Herbert Itabangi ◽

Joel Bazira

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Surgical Wound ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Wound Site ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Surgical Ward ◽

Western Uganda

Abstract Background: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common nosocomial infections affecting post-surgery patients. Antimicrobial resistance prolongs the duration of hospitalization. We sought to determine the MRSA carriage among patients admitted to surgical ward in a tertiary hospital in South Western Uganda. Methods: Total of 46 participants were included in the study, swabbed at four different sites: nares, hands, perineum and surgical wound site. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus was done by standard conventional microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using disk diffusion method, except for Vancomycin were MIC was used as per CLSI guidelines. Using these results, prevalence of MRSA was determined. The on admission were followed up for 7days to determine the incidence of MRSA. Site carriage rate of MRSA was determined using drug susceptibility test (DST) test results. Questionnaire was used to collect data on factors associated with MRSA. Results: The prevalence of MRSA carriage at admission was 18/46 (39.1%). Among patients who were MRSA negative at admission, the incidence of MRSA carriage during hospitalization was13/26 (50%). Of the 122 S. aureus isolates, resistance to Oxacillin was 55(45.1%), Ciprofloxacin 50(41.0%), Ceftriaxone 46(37.7%), Methicillin 44(36.1%), Levofloxacin 39(32.0), Imipenem 13(10.7%) and Vancomycin 3(2.5%). The site with the highest carriage rate was the Nares 16/77 (20.8%), Hands 14/77(18.2%), Perineum 15/77(19.5%), surgical wound site 9/77(11.7%). 80% of the isolates were MDR. The factors measured were not statistically associated to MRSA carriage outcome. Conclusion: There was high MRSA carriage among patients on surgical ward. Resistance to commonly used antibiotics was high, 80% of the isolates were MDR. Therefore, there is the need for continuous surveillance to monitor aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in order to guide the empirical use of antimicrobials. Sex was the only factor associated with MRSA carriage. Further studies should be done to fully assess factors associated to MRSA.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Wild, Captive and Laboratory Rats: Effect of Habitat on the Nasal S. aureus Population

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins12020080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 80 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dina Raafat ◽

Daniel M. Mrochen ◽

Fawaz Al’Sholui ◽

Elisa Heuser ◽

René Ryll ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Free Living ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Colonization Pressure ◽

Laboratory Rats ◽

Wild Rats ◽

Human Specific

Rats are a reservoir of human- and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the composition of the natural S. aureus population in wild and laboratory rats is largely unknown. Here, 144 nasal S. aureus isolates from free-living wild rats, captive wild rats and laboratory rats were genotyped and profiled for antibiotic resistances and human-specific virulence genes. The nasal S. aureus carriage rate was higher among wild rats (23.4%) than laboratory rats (12.3%). Free-living wild rats were primarily colonized with isolates of clonal complex (CC) 49 and CC130 and maintained these strains even in husbandry. Moreover, upon livestock contact, CC398 isolates were acquired. In contrast, laboratory rats were colonized with many different S. aureus lineages—many of which are commonly found in humans. Five captive wild rats were colonized with CC398-MRSA. Moreover, a single CC30-MRSA and two CC130-MRSA were detected in free-living or captive wild rats. Rat-derived S. aureus isolates rarely harbored the phage-carried immune evasion gene cluster or superantigen genes, suggesting long-term adaptation to their host. Taken together, our study revealed a natural S. aureus population in wild rats, as well as a colonization pressure on wild and laboratory rats by exposure to livestock- and human-associated S. aureus, respectively.

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Nasal Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage among Foreign Workers Recruited to Taiwan from Southeastern Asian Countries

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa586 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kuan-Hung Chen ◽

Wen-Ching Chuang ◽

Wang-Kin Wong ◽

Chih-Hsien Chuang ◽

Chih-Jung Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Significant Risk ◽

The Philippines ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Foreign Workers ◽

Health Examination ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Methicillin Resistant

Abstract BACKGROUND In 2012, we identified the dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type (ST) 45 strain in 14 nursing homes in Taiwan and foreign nursing workers a significant risk factor for MRSA carriage. We conducted this study to understand MRSA carriage and molecular characteristics among foreign workers recruited from Southeastern Asian countries. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving a total of 1935 foreign workers, 929 (arrival group) and 1006 (staying group), from Vietnam (n=843), Indonesia (n=780), the Philippines (n=239) and Thailand (n=70) were conveniently recruited during upon-arrival and regular health examination in a regional hospital. A nasal swab was obtained from each participant for detection of MRSA. RESULTS Overall, MRSA carriage rate was 2.72%, with 2.26% for arrival group and 3.18% for staying group, and 4.74% for Vietnamese, 1.28% for Indonesians, 1.26% for the Filipinos and none for Thai workers. Pulsotype AK/ST45 (57%) and pulsotype AX/ST188 (14%) were the top two dominant clones for arrival group while pulsotype D/ST59 (41%) (an endemic community clone in Taiwan) and pulsotype AK/ST45 (19%) were predominant for staying group. Significant decrease of pulsotype AK/ST45 from 57% to 19% (p= 0.007) and increase of pulsotype D/ST59 from 4.8% to 41% (p= 0.004) were found between the arrival and the staying groups. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 3% of foreign workers recruited from Southeastern Asian countries to Taiwan were colonized with MRSA, including ST45 strain. However, the MRSA isolates from workers staying in Taiwan were mostly local endemic clone and genetically different from those identified from workers on arrival.

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