An E-value analysis of potential unmeasured or residual confounding in systematic reviews of post-tuberculosis mortality, respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Andrew Basham ◽  
Mohammad Ehsanul Karim
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Residual Confounding ◽  
Tuberculosis Mortality

scholarly journals Dietary Fat and Cardiovascular Disease: Ebb and Flow Over the Last Half Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S332-S339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice H Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
American Heart ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fat ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Media

ABSTRACT Dietary modification has been the cornerstone of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention since the middle of the last century when the American Heart Association (AHA) first issued recommendations. For the vast majority of that time the focus has been on saturated fat, with or without concomitant guidance for total or unsaturated fat. Over the past few years there has been a renewed debate about the relation between dietary saturated fat and CVD risk, prompted by a series of systematic reviews that have come to what appears to be different conclusions. This triggered a robust discourse about this controversy in the media that in turn has led to confusion in the general public. The genesis of the different conclusions among the systematic reviews has been identified in several studies on the basis of isocaloric substitution analyses. When the data were analyzed on the basis of polyunsaturated fat replacing saturated fat, there was a positive relation between dietary saturated fat and CVD. When the data were analyzed on the basis of carbohydrate replacing saturated fat, there was a null relation between dietary saturated fat and CVD. When the substitution macronutrient was not taken into consideration, the differential effects of the macronutrient substitution went unrecognized and the relations judged as null. The lack of distinction among substituted macronutrients accounted for much of what appeared to be discrepancies. Dietary guidance consistent with replacing foods high in saturated fat with foods high in unsaturated fat, first recommended more than 50 y ago, remains appropriate to this day.

scholarly journals The Impact of Non-optimum Ambient Temperature on Years of Life Lost: A Multi-county Observational Study in Hunan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2699
Author(s):  
Ling-Shuang Lv ◽  
Dong-Hui Jin ◽  
Wen-Jun Ma ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Yi-Qing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
The Impact

The ambient temperature–health relationship is of growing interest as the climate changes. Previous studies have examined the association between ambient temperature and mortality or morbidity, however, there is little literature available on the ambient temperature effects on year of life lost (YLL). Thus, we aimed to quantify the YLL attributable to non-optimum ambient temperature. We obtained data from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017 of 70 counties in Hunan, China. In order to combine the effects of each county, we used YLL rate as a health outcome indicator. The YLL rate was equal to the total YLL divided by the population of each county, and multiplied by 100,000. We estimated the associations between ambient temperature and YLL with a distributed lag non-linear model (DNLM) in a single county, and then pooled them in a multivariate meta-regression. The daily mean YLL rates were 22.62 y/(p·100,000), 10.14 y/(p·100,000) and 2.33 y/(p·100,000) within the study period for non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory disease death. Ambient temperature was responsible for advancing a substantial fraction of YLL, with attributable fractions of 10.73% (4.36–17.09%) and 16.44% (9.09–23.79%) for non-accidental and cardiovascular disease death, respectively. However, the ambient temperature effect was not significantly for respiratory disease death, corresponding to 5.47% (−2.65–13.60%). Most of the YLL burden was caused by a cold temperature than the optimum temperature, with an overall estimate of 10.27% (4.52–16.03%) and 15.94% (8.82–23.05%) for non-accidental and cardiovascular disease death, respectively. Cold and heat temperature-related YLLs were higher in the elderly and females than the young and males. Extreme cold temperature had an effect on all age groups in different kinds of disease-caused death. This study highlights that general preventative measures could be important for moderate temperatures, whereas quick and effective measures should be provided for extreme temperatures.

scholarly journals THE ASSOCIATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND IMPACT ON MORTALITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Paul R. Carter ◽  
Jakub Lagan ◽  
Christien Fortune ◽  
Deepak L. Bhatt ◽  
Joergen Vestbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Respiratory Disease

scholarly journals Multimorbidity patterns among COVID-19 deaths: proposal for the construction of etiological models

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Julián A. Fernández-Niño ◽  
John A. Guerra-Gómez ◽  
Alvaro J. Idrovo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Probability Of Death ◽  
Polynomial Regressions

Objectives. To describe patterns of multimorbidity among fatal cases of COVID-19, and to propose a classification of patients based on age and multimorbidity patterns to begin the construction of etiological models. Methods. Data of Colombian confirmed deaths of COVID-19 until June 11, 2020, were included in this analysis (n=1488 deaths). Relationships between COVID-19, combinations of health conditions and age were explored using locally weighted polynomial regressions. Results. The most frequent health conditions were high blood pressure, respiratory disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. Dyads more frequents were high blood pressure with diabetes, cardiovascular disease or respiratory disease. Some multimorbidity patterns increase probability of death among older individuals, whereas other patterns are not age-related, or decrease the probability of death among older people. Not all multimorbidity increases with age, as is commonly thought. Obesity, alone or with other diseases, was associated with a higher risk of severity among young people, while the risk of the high blood pressure/diabetes dyad tends to have an inverted U distribution in relation with age. Conclusions. Classification of individuals according to multimorbidity in the medical management of COVID-19 patients is important to determine the possible etiological models and to define patient triage for hospitalization. Moreover, identification of non-infected individuals with high-risk ages and multimorbidity patterns serves to define possible interventions of selective confinement or special management.

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