Changes in PYY and gastric emptying across the phases of the menstrual cycle and the influence of the ovarian hormones

Abstract We previously found normal polysomnographic (PSG) sleep efficiency, increased slow wave sleep (SWS) and a blunted melatonin secretion in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) compared to controls. Here, we investigated the effects of exogenous melatonin in five patients previously studied. They took 2 mg of slow-release melatonin 1 hour before bedtime during their luteal phase (LP) for three menstrual cycles. At baseline, patients spent every third night throughout one menstrual cycle sleeping in the laboratory. Measures included morning urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMt6), PSG sleep, nocturnal core body temperature (CBT), visual analogue scale for mood (VAS-Mood), Prospective Record of the Impact and Severity of Menstrual Symptoms (PRISM), and ovarian hormones. Participants also underwent two 24-hour intensive physiological monitoring (during the follicular phase and LP) in time-isolation/constant conditions to determine 24-hour plasma melatonin and CBT rhythms. The same measures were repeated during their third menstrual cycle of melatonin administration. In the intervention condition compared to baseline, we found increased urinary aMt6 (p<0.001), reduced objective SOL (p=0.01), reduced SWS (p<0.001) and increased Stage 2 sleep (p<0.001). Increased urinary aMt6 was associated with reduced SWS (r=-0.51, p<0.001). Circadian parameters derived from 24-hour plasma melatonin and CBT did not differ between conditions, except for an increased melatonin mesor in the intervention condition (p=0.01). Ovarian hormones were comparable between the conditions (p≥0.28). Symptoms improved in the intervention condition, as measured by the VAS-Mood (p=0.02) and the PRISM (p<0.001). These findings support a role for disturbed melatonergic system in PMDD that can be partially corrected by exogenous melatonin.

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Applicability of a Portable Non-Invasive Device Evaluating Hemoglobin and Peripheral Circulative Function in Eumenorrheic Young Women with Premenstrual Discomfort.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v104.11.3678.3678 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 3678-3678

Author(s):

Tamaki Matsumoto ◽

Noriyuki Tatsumi

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Ovarian Hormones ◽

Oxygen Metabolism ◽

Clinical Use ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Late Luteal Phase ◽

Basic Medical

Abstract A non-invasive measurement using near-infrared radiation has been widely used and provides valuable information in the clinical and basic medical research field. Our research group has recently invented a portable non-invasive monitoring device (Astrim) to determine hemoglobin levels by using the principle of near-infrared spectroscopy combined with analyzing optical images of venous blood vessels taken by a charge-coupled device camera. The devise has also been designed to calculate the venous oxygenation index (VOI) based on the ratio of the light absorption of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb). Previous studies have shown that the VOI is a reliable indicator in evaluating peripheral venous oxygen metabolism and skin blood flow under different physiological circumstances. To elucidate the potential clinical use of the index in the gynecological field, we measured the VOI during the menstrual cycle and investigated whether the VOI indicating peripheral circulative function is influenced by the fluctuations of ovarian hormones and/or various physical and emotional symptoms a majority of women of reproductive age experience in the premenstrual phase. Twenty five eumenorrheic healthy young (20.4±0.2 yrs) women not taking any medications participated in the study after giving their informed consent. All subjects were studied during the follicular and the late luteal phase for three consecutive menstrual cycles. All experiments were performed in the morning after the subjects fasted overnight. The subjects rested for 10 minutes at room temperature sitting in a comfortable chair. The left middle finger was then placed on the detection probe of the Astrim, and hemoglobin levels, venous blood vessel width, and the VOI were automatically determined. The VOI was calculated as the following equation: VOI = −h2/h1. h1 and h2 was defined as the degree of light absorption of HbO2 and Hb at the wavelengths of 805 and 660 nm, respectively, in the near-infrared region. It should be noted that HbO2 and Hb absorb light equally at 805 nm, whereas at 660 nm absorption is primarily from HbO2. The skin temperature of the finger was also measured by digital thermometer. All data was taken ten times. The emotional and physical symptoms of each subject accompanying the menstrual cycle were assessed by the daily rating score throughout the entire study period. The oral temperature and urinary ovarian hormones adjusted for creatinine significantly increased in the late luteal phase. The statistical analysis verified the reliability and repeatability of the VOI. While most subjects experienced mild physical and emotional discomforts in the late luteal phase, none suffered to the point of disturbing their daily activity. Concerning the VOI, we found that it decreased more significantly in the late luteal phase than in the follicular phase (−76.0±3.3 vs. −68.2±2.2; P < 0.05). Our data demonstrated that the VOI reflecting peripheral oxygen metabolism is a valuable and practical index to non-invasively evaluate peripheral circulative function under various physiological conditions. Psychological and vasomotor complaints, and peripheral circulation disorder would be more apparent in the climacteric stage. Thus, the present study further supports the clinical use of the VOI in the gynecological field, in addition to the potential applicability to basic medical research and public health promotion projects.

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Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer expression in the baboon endometrium: menstrual cycle and endometriosis

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-09-0481 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 140 (6) ◽

pp. 911-920 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A G Braundmeier ◽

A T Fazleabas ◽

R A Nowak

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽

Protein Localization ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Hormone Treatment ◽

Ovarian Hormones ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Eutopic Endometrium ◽

Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer

Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN; BSG) regulates tissue remodeling through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In human and non-human primates, endometrial remodeling is important for menstruation and the pathogenesis of endometriosis. We hypothesized that as in humans, BSG and MMPs are expressed in the endometrium of cycling baboons, and their expression is hormonally regulated by ovarian hormones, but endometriosis disrupts this regulation. BSG expression was evaluated in the baboon endometrium by q-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In the endometrium of control cycling animals, BSG mRNA levels were highest in late secretory stage tissue. BSG protein localized to glandular epithelial cells during the proliferative phase; whereas, secretory stage tissues expressed BSG in glandular and luminal epithelia with weak stromal staining. Several MMPs were differentially expressed throughout the menstrual cycle with the highest levels found during menstruation. In ovariectomized animals, BSG endometrial mRNA levels were highest with treatment of both estrogen and progesterone than that with only estrogen. Estrogen alone resulted in BSG protein localization primarily in the endometrial glandular epithelia, while estrogen and progesterone treatment displayed BSG protein localization in both the glandular and stromal cells. Exogenous hormone treatment resulted in differential expression patterns of all MMPs compared with the control cycling animals. In the eutopic endometrium of endometriotic animals, BSG mRNA levels and protein were elevated early but decreased later in disease progression. Endometriosis elevated the expression of all MMPs except MMP7 compared with the control animals. In baboons, BSG and MMP endometrial expression is regulated by both ovarian hormones, and their expression patterns are dysregulated in endometriotic animals.

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