Effects of osteoporosis on alveolar bone repair after tooth extraction: a systematic review of preclinical studies

Osteoporosis is associated with decreased bone density and increased bone fragility, but how this disease affects alveolar bone healing is not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which osteoporosis affects the jaw skeleton and then to evaluate possible mechanisms whereby an osteoporotic phenotype might affect the rate of alveolar bone healing following tooth extraction. Using an ovariectomized mouse model coupled with micro–computed tomographic imaging, histologic, molecular, and cellular assays, we first demonstrated that the appendicular and jaw skeletons both develop osteoporotic phenotypes. Next, we demonstrated that osteoporotic mice exhibit atrophy of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and that this atrophy was accompanied by a reduction in the pool of osteoprogenitor cells in the PDL. The paucity of PDL-derived osteoprogenitor cells in osteoporotic mice was associated with significantly slower extraction socket healing. Collectively, these analyses demonstrate that the jaw skeleton is susceptible to the untoward effects of osteoporosis that manifest as thinner, more porous alveolar bone, PDL thinning, and slower bone repair. These findings have potential clinical significance for older osteopenic patients undergoing reconstructive procedures.

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Effects of Coffee Intake and Intraperitoneal Caffeine on Bone Repair Process - A Histologic and Histometric Study

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201300219 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 175-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Rander Moreira Macedo ◽

Luiz Guilherme Brentegani ◽

Suzie Aparecida de Lacerda

Keyword(s):

Tooth Extraction ◽

Bone Repair ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Intraperitoneal Administration ◽

Repair Process ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Calcium Excretion ◽

Reconstructive Procedures

Studies have suggested that caffeine acts on bone promoting an increase of calcium excretion, inhibition of osteoblast proliferation and delay in tissue repair process, raising the risk of fractures, osteoporosis, periodontal disease and affecting the success of bone reconstructive procedures. The aim of this study was to analyze histomorphometrically the process of alveolar bone healing after tooth extraction in rats subjected to daily intake of boiled coffee or intraperitoneal administration of caffeine. Forty-five male rats were divided according to the treatment in Control group (C); Coffee group (CO) - treated with coffee since birth; and Caffeine (CAF) - intraperitoneal injection of aqueous solution of caffeine 1.5% (0.2 mL/100g body weight) for 30 days. When weighing between 250-300 g they were anesthetized, subjected to extraction of the maxillary right incisor, and euthanized 7, 21 and 42 days after surgery for histological assessments of bone volume and the quality of formed bone in the dental socket. The qualitative results demonstrated larger amounts of blood clot and immature bone in animals under treatment of pure caffeine compared to coffee and control. Histometric analysis revealed that coffee treatment led to a 40% drop in bone formation, and caffeine a 60% drop in comparison to control animals (ANOVA p≤0.01). It was concluded that both the daily ingestion of coffee and the intraperitoneal administration of caffeine in rats delayed the alveolar bone reparative process after tooth extraction, and this effect was more aggressive when pure caffeine was used.

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General Factors of Anatomical Variation on the Size and Number of Dental Roots Influencing the Choice of Immediate Implants

Medical & Clinical Research ◽

10.33140/mcr.06.07.01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

Keyword(s):

Tooth Extraction ◽

Bone Repair ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Anatomical Variation ◽

Anatomical Variations ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Osseointegrated Implants ◽

Tooth Roots ◽

Immediate Implants ◽

Dimensional Boundary

Bone metabolism is gaining more prominence due to osseointegrated implants. Even after a minimally traumatic tooth extraction, there are natural reductions and losses in the proportions of the alveolar bone and other periodontal tissues. Maintaining these dimensions has become a challenge for researchers. Immediate implants are set in the same surgical act as tooth extraction. Implants are recommended aiming at reducing the waiting time for bone repair and thus offering the necessary stimuli to the bone for its dimensional, functional, and esthetic maintenance. Planning prior to immediate setting should take into account anatomical variations and even anomalies mainly related to the dimensions and number of tooth roots. Among the general factors of anatomical variation, those related to Gender, Age, Biotype, and Ethnicity stand out. These data were provided in studies carried out by several authors in several countries, correlating them with the dimensions and number of tooth roots. A selection of works using measurement methods as Cone Beam Computed Tomography or direct measurements in extracted teeth was carried out. Studies confirm that Panoramic Radiography presents greater distortions and does not provide sharpness for dimensional boundary markings. Significant data were obtained and confirm the correlation of these general factors of anatomical variation with the length and number of tooth roots. Further studies need to be carried out, in order to provide clinicians with details of these variants, important in the planning and prior choice of the best shape and size of the dental implant to be installed.

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