New insights into membrane-active action in plasma membrane of fungal hyphae by the lipopeptide antibiotic bacillomycin L

Coelomomyces stegomyiae (Chytridiomycetes, Blastocladiales) infection in adult female Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) is located primarily in the ovaries. Fungal hyphae do not penetrate the germaria or follicles but instead lie between the tunica propria and epithelial sheath within each ovariole and between the epithelial sheath and the peritoneal sheath of the ovary. Aedes aegypti is an anautogenous mosquito requiring a blood meal for egg development; similarly, fungal hyphae in infected ovaries will not differentiate to form resting sporangia until after the mosquito has taken a blood meal. The fungus restricts receptor-mediated endocytosis of vitellogenin by the plasma membrane of the oocyte so that few, if any, vitellin yolk granules form. Thick-walled resting sporangia have formed 72 h after the blood meal has been taken and these will be oviposited by the females in place of the aborted eggs.

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The interface between fungal hyphae and orchid protocorm cells

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b96-223 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 74 (12) ◽

pp. 1861-1870 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

R. Larry Peterson ◽

Yukari Uetake ◽

Paola Bonfante ◽

Antonella Faccio

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Host Cell ◽

Polyclonal Antibody ◽

Colloidal Gold ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Matrix Material ◽

Middle Lamella ◽

Early Stages ◽

Affinity Techniques ◽

Fungal Hyphae

Seeds of the orchids Platanthera hyperborea, Spiranthes lacera, and Spiranthes sinensis were germinated in vitro in the presence of compatible fungal species and the resulting colonized protocorms were studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and colloidal-gold affinity techniques. Protocorm cells in early stages of colonization contained coils of fungal hyphae (pelotons) separated from host cell cytoplasm by the host plasma membrane and interfacial matrix material. Host cell walls were labelled by the colloidal gold – cellobiohydralase I (CBH-I) complex to detect cellulose and, particularly over the middle lamella, by antibodies that bind to pectins (JIM 5 and JIM 7). A polyclonal antibody that binds to β-1,3-glucans labelled the fungal cell wall heavily. None of the probes, however, labelled the interfacial matrix between the wall of active fungal hyphae and the surrounding plasma membrane. In contrast, the interfacial matrix material that ensheathed collapsing hyphae showed labelling after treatment with JIM 5, the polyclonal antibody, and the CBH-I complex. Labelling of host cell walls and fungal walls was similar to that described for early stages. Keywords: orchids, protocorms, mycorrhizas, affinity gold techniques, interfacial matrix.

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Synthesis of mycorrhizae between protocorms of Goodyera repens (Orchidaceae) and Ceratobasidium cereale

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b90-141 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 1117-1125 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

R. L. Peterson ◽

R. S. Currah

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Aniline Blue ◽

Cell Cytoplasm ◽

Cell Plasma Membrane ◽

Cell Plasma ◽

Fungal Hyphae

Seeds of Goodyera repens were germinated on cellulose agar in the presence of Ceratobasidium cereale. Many seeds germinated to form protocorms, which were colonized by fungal hyphae. Hyphae were common around the suspensor and epidermal hairs. Newly colonized protocorm cells contained intact hyphae with few vacuoles and many mitochondria. Hyphae were separated from protocorm cell cytoplasm by matrix materials and the protocorm cell plasma membrane. Hyphae underwent progressive vacuolation and eventual lysis. Degenerating hyphae stained faintly with cellufluor, whereas degenerated hyphae and hyphal clumps stained intensely. Clumps of degenerated hyphae were isolated from protocorm cell cytoplasm by the plasma membrane and an aniline blue positive layer, which is most likely callose. Protocorm cells containing isolated clumped hyphae were frequently recolonized by hyphae.

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Heterogeneity of Size and Distribution of Intramembrane Particles in the Plasma Membrane of Yeast

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100080407 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 596-597

Author(s):

E. Keyhani

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Candida Utilis ◽

Synthetic Medium ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Translational Diffusion ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Intramembrane Particles ◽

The Matrix ◽

Water Cell

The matrix of biological membranes consists of a lipid bilayer into which proteins or protein aggregates are intercalated. Freeze-fracture techni- ques permit these proteins, perhaps in association with lipids, to be visualized in the hydrophobic regions of the membrane. Thus, numerous intramembrane particles (IMP) have been found on the fracture faces of membranes from a wide variety of cells (1-3). A recognized property of IMP is their tendency to form aggregates in response to changes in experi- mental conditions (4,5), perhaps as a result of translational diffusion through the viscous plane of the membrane. The purpose of this communica- tion is to describe the distribution and size of IMP in the plasma membrane of yeast (Candida utilis).Yeast cells (ATCC 8205) were grown in synthetic medium (6), and then harvested after 16 hours of culture, and washed twice in distilled water. Cell pellets were suspended in growth medium supplemented with 30% glycerol and incubated for 30 minutes at 0°C, centrifuged, and prepared for freeze-fracture, as described earlier (2,3).

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Organization of the Pellicle and the Muciferous Glands in Euglena Gracilis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100067510 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 104-105

Author(s):

Hilton H. Mollenhauer ◽

W. Evans

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Euglena Gracilis ◽

Complex Forms ◽

Secondary Periodicity

The pellicular structure of Euglena gracilis consists of a series of relatively rigid strips (Fig. 1) composed of ridges and grooves which are helically oriented along the cell and which fuse together into a common junction at either end of the cell. The strips are predominantly protein and consist in part of a series of fibers about 50 Å in diameter spaced about 85 Å apart and with a secondary periodicity of about 450 Å. Microtubules are also present below each strip (Fig. 1) and are often considered as part of the pellicular complex. In addition, there may be another fibrous component near the base of the pellicle which has not yet been very well defined.The pellicular complex lies underneath the plasma membrane and entirely within the cell (Fig. 1). Each strip of the complex forms an overlapping junction with the adjacent strip along one side of each groove (Fig. 1), in such a way that a certain amount of sideways movement is possible between one strip and the next.

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Localization of Sodium in Normal and Inhibited Transporting Epithelia

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100066000 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 392-393

Author(s):

G. I. Kaye ◽

J. D. Cole

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Similar Pattern ◽

Fixation Method ◽

Colonic Epithelium ◽

Gallbladder Epithelium ◽

Rabbit Colon ◽

Rabbit Gallbladder

For a number of years we have used an adaptation of Komnick's KSb(OH)6-OsO4 fixation method for the localization of sodium in tissues in order to study transporting epithelia under a number of different conditions. We have shown that in actively transporting rabbit gallbladder epithelium, large quantities of NaSb(OH)6 precipitate are found in the distended intercellular compartment, while localization of precipitate is confined to the inner side of the lateral plasma membrane in inactive gallbladder epithelium. A similar pattern of distribution of precipitate has been demonstrated in human and rabbit colon in active and inactive states and in the inactive colonic epithelium of hibernating frogs.

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Electron microscopy of endocardial cell populations

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100083291 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 486-487

Author(s):

T. G. Sarphie ◽

C. R. Comer ◽

D. J. Allen

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Plasma Membrane ◽

Cellular Transformation ◽

Cell Populations ◽

Cell Surfaces ◽

Kb Cells ◽

Dna Viruses ◽

Cell Cycles ◽

Ultrastructural Studies ◽

Endocardial Cell

Previous ultrastructural studies have characterized surface morphology during norma cell cycles in an attempt to associate specific changes with specific metabolic processes occurring within the cell. It is now known that during the synthetic ("S") stage of the cycle, when DNA and other nuclear components are synthesized, a cel undergoes a doubling in volume that is accompanied by an increase in surface area whereby its plasma membrane is elaborated into a variety of processes originally referred to as microvilli. In addition, changes in the normal distribution of glycoproteins and polysaccharides derived from cell surfaces have been reported as depreciating after cellular transformation by RNA or DNA viruses and have been associated with the state of growth, irregardless of the rate of proliferation. More specifically, examination of the surface carbohydrate content of synchronous KB cells were shown to be markedly reduced as the cell population approached division Comparison of hamster kidney fibroblasts inhibited by vinblastin sulfate while in metaphase with those not in metaphase demonstrated an appreciable decrease in surface carbohydrate in the former.

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Microanatomy of the Periplasm of Bacillus Licheniformis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100065365 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 262-263

Author(s):

B.K. Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plasma Membrane ◽

Bacillus Licheniformis ◽

External Environment ◽

Permeability Barrier ◽

Periplasmic Space ◽

Modified Technique ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

Periplasm of bacteria is the space outside the permeability barrier of plasma membrane but enclosed by the cell wall. The contents of this special milieu exterior could be regulated by the plasma membrane from the internal, and by the cell wall from the external environment of the cell. Unlike the gram-negative organism, the presence of this space in gram-positive bacteria is still controversial because it cannot be clearly demonstrated. We have shown the importance of some periplasmic bodies in the secretion of penicillinase from Bacillus licheniformis.In negatively stained specimens prepared by a modified technique (Figs. 1 and 2), periplasmic space (PS) contained two kinds of structures: (i) fibrils (F, 100 Å) running perpendicular to the cell wall from the protoplast and (ii) an array of vesicles of various sizes (V), which seem to have evaginated from the protoplast.

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Changes Occur in Plasma Membrane Turnover when K562 Leukemia Cells are Induced to Differentiate

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100054042 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 286-287

Author(s):

L. M. Marshall

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Membrane Proteins ◽

Intracellular Transport ◽

Parent Cell ◽

Membrane Turnover ◽

Coated Pits ◽

Surface Distribution ◽

Specific Proteins ◽

Erythroleukemic Cell ◽

Specific Membrane

A human erythroleukemic cell line, metabolically blocked in a late stage of erythropoiesis, becomes capable of differentiation along the normal pathway when grown in the presence of hemin. This process is characterized by hemoglobin synthesis followed by rearrangement of the plasma membrane proteins and culminates in asymmetrical cytokinesis in the absence of nuclear division. A reticulocyte-like cell buds from the nucleus-containing parent cell after erythrocyte specific membrane proteins have been sequestered into its membrane. In this process the parent cell faces two obstacles. First, to organize its erythrocyte specific proteins at one pole of the cell for inclusion in the reticulocyte; second, to reduce or abolish membrane protein turnover since hemoglobin is virtually the only protein being synthesized at this stage. A means of achieving redistribution and cessation of turnover could involve movement of membrane proteins by a directional lipid flow. Generation of a lipid flow towards one pole and accumulation of erythrocyte-specific membrane proteins could be achieved by clathrin coated pits which are implicated in membrane endocytosis, intracellular transport and turnover. In non-differentiating cells, membrane proteins are turned over and are random in surface distribution. If, however, the erythrocyte specific proteins in differentiating cells were excluded from endocytosing coated pits, not only would their turnover cease, but they would also tend to drift towards and collect at the site of endocytosis. This hypothesis requires that different protein species are endocytosed by the coated vesicles in non-differentiating than by differentiating cells.

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Arrangement of Mitochondria in Spermatozoa of the Mexican Axolotl, Ambystoma Mexicanum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010007357x ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 626-627

Author(s):

Ezzatollah Keyhani ◽

Larry F. Lemanski ◽

Sharon L. Lemanski

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Sperm Motility ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽

Axial Filament ◽

Mexican Axolotl ◽

Middle Piece

Energy for sperm motility is provided by both glycolytic and respiratory pathways. Mitochondria are involved in the latter pathway and conserve energy of substrate oxidation by coupling to phosphorylation. During spermatogenesis, the mitochondria undergo extensive transformation which in many species leads to the formation of a nebemkem. The nebemkem subsequently forms into a helix around the axial filament complex in the middle piece of spermatozoa.Immature spermatozoa of axolotls contain numerous small spherical mitochondria which are randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm (Fig. 1). As maturation progresses, the mitochondria appear to migrate to the middle piece region where they become tightly packed to form a crystalline-like sheath. The cytoplasm in this region is no longer abundant (Fig. 2) and the plasma membrane is now closely apposed to the outside of the mitochondrial layer.

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