Prostate Cancer Staging Tables—A Predictive Model for the UK

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon R.J. Bott ◽  
Mark Emberton ◽  
Matthew R. Sydes ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Radical Prostatectomy ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pathological Stage ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Robust Model ◽  
Biopsy Gleason Score ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The use of accurate risk stratification is a prerequisite to informed decision-making when considering potentially curative treatments for prostate cancer. Most models are derived from cases managed in the United States. The validity of these methods may be compromised when used on a population other than that used for generating the predicted outcomes. We present predictive tables derived from the observed outcomes of men treated by radical prostatectomy in the United Kingdom. Methods: Using logistic regression a pilot study identified the best predictors of pathological stage from eight pre-operative variables. All full BAUS members were asked to submit their consecutive RP patients' age, biopsy Gleason score, pre-operative PSA, number of biopsy cores, number of biopsy cores containing cancer (% positive cores) and pathological stage. Predictive tables were constructed using this data to predict pT2, pT3a or pT3b/4/N1 disease at radical prostatectomy and assessed using internal cross-validation methods. Results: 1912 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy by 39 consultant urologists in 19 centres were included. The impact of age was equivocal but a robust model was developed to predict outcomes based on Gleason sum score, pre-operative PSA and positive biopsy cores. A series of tables have been constructed to allow for use in practice. Conclusions: In this study we have generated a validated prostate cancer predictive table derived entirely from a UK surgical cohort and which is simple to use.

scholarly journals Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Jolene Knox ◽  
Ben Dehaeck ◽  
Ben Huntington ◽  
Thilak Rathinam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Chicken Population ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Disease

Abstract Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species parasites, has long been recognised as an economically significant disease of chickens. As the global chicken population continues to grow, and its contribution to food security intensifies, it is increasingly important to assess the impact of diseases that compromise chicken productivity and welfare. In 1999, Williams published one of the most comprehensive estimates for the cost of coccidiosis in chickens, featuring a compartmentalised model for the costs of prophylaxis, treatment and losses, indicating a total cost in excess of £38 million in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1995. In the 25 years since this analysis the global chicken population has doubled and systems of chicken meat and egg production have advanced through improved nutrition, husbandry and selective breeding of chickens, and wider use of anticoccidial vaccines. Using data from industry representatives including veterinarians, farmers, production and health experts, we have updated the Williams model and estimate that coccidiosis in chickens cost the UK £99.2 million in 2016 (range £73.0–£125.5 million). Applying the model to data from Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, India, New Zealand, Nigeria and the United States resulted in estimates that, when extrapolated by geographical region, indicate a global cost of ~ £10.4 billion at 2016 prices (£7.7–£13.0 billion), equivalent to £0.16/chicken produced. Understanding the economic costs of livestock diseases can be advantageous, providing baselines to evaluate the impact of different husbandry systems and interventions. The updated cost of coccidiosis in chickens will inform debates on the value of chemoprophylaxis and development of novel anticoccidial vaccines.

Advancing age and the risk of adverse pathology at radical prostatectomy in men with biopsy Gleason score 6 prostate cancer.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 289-289
Author(s):  
Daniel Kim ◽  
Ming-Hui Chen ◽  
Hartwig Huland ◽  
Markus Graefen ◽  
Derya Tilki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Radical Prostatectomy ◽  
Gleason Score ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Biopsy Gleason Score ◽  
The Impact

289 Background: We evaluated the impact of age > 65 years versus younger on the odds of finding adverse pathologic features (pT3/T4 and/or R1 and/or Gleason score 8, 9, 10) at radical prostatectomy (RP) among men with biopsy Gleason score 6 prostate cancer (PC). Methods: The study cohort comprised 3191 men with biopsy Gleason score 6 PC treated with a RP between February 28, 1992 and February 15, 2016 at the Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the impact of age > 65 years versus younger on the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of finding adverse pathology at RP adjusting for pre-RP prostate specific antigen (PSA), clinical tumor category, year of diagnosis, percent positive biopsies (PPB), and PSA density (PSAd). Results: Men age > 65 years as compared to younger had significantly lower median PPB (16.67% vs 20.0%; p = 0.01) and PSAd (0.13 ng/mL vs 0.15 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). Yet, while both increasing PPB (AOR 1.018, 95% CI 1.013, 1.023; p- < 0.0001) and PSAd (AOR 4.28, 95% CI 1.66, 11.01; p = 0.003) were significantly associated with an increased odds of finding adverse pathology at RP, men age > 65 years versus younger had a higher odds of adverse pathology at RP (AOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.002, 1.62; p = 0.048). Conclusions: Despite a more favorable median PPB and PSAd, men with biopsy Gleason score 6 PC and who are age > 65 years compared to younger men are at higher risk for having adverse pathology at RP and may benefit from a multiparametric MRI and targeted biopsy before proceeding with active surveillance. If higher grade/stage disease is discovered and treatment indicated then this information could guide both the use and duration of supplemental androgen deprivation therapy in men considering radiation therapy.

Development and Validation of a UK-Specific Prostate Cancer Staging Predictive Model: UK Prostate Cancer Tables

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 224-235
Author(s):  
Thomas B.L. Lam ◽  
Olivier Regnier-Coudert ◽  
John McCall ◽  
Sam McClinton
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Fundamental Limitations ◽  
Lookup Tables ◽  
Biopsy Gleason Score ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Prostate Cancer Staging

Objectives: To construct new prostate cancer staging lookup tables based on a dataset collated by the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) and to validate them and compare their predictive power with Partin tables. Patients and methods: Complete data on 1701 patients was collated between 1999 and 2008 across 57 UK centres. Lookup tables were created for prediction of pathological stage (PS) using PSA level, biopsy Gleason score (GS) and clinical stage, replicating Partin's original approach. Tables were generated using logistic regression (LR) and bootstrap resampling methods and were internally validated and externally validated using concordance indices (CI) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) respectively. Results: The CI and AUROC analyses indicate that Partin tables performed poorly on UK data in comparison with US data. The UK prostate cancer tables performed better than Partin tables but the predictive power of all models was relatively poor. Conclusion: The study shows that the predictive power of Partin tables is reduced when applied to the UK population. Models generated using LR methodology have fundamental limitations, and we suggest alternative modelling methods such as Bayesian networks.

Commercial Arrangements for Co-Generation in the UK and USA

1987 ◽  
Vol 201 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-265
Author(s):  
D L Tolley ◽  
G J Fowler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) in the United States and the Energy Act 1983 in the United Kingdom on the nature of the purchase tariffs for co-generators and combined heat and power (CHP) plant, and considers the reasons why the prospects for investment by private generators might be enhanced in the United States.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Induced Economic Uncertainty: A Comparison between the United Kingdom and the United States

Ekonomika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
Ugur Korkut Pata
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Economic Policy Uncertainty ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic policy uncertainty in the US and the UK. The impact of the increase in COVID-19 cases and deaths in the country and the increase in the number of cases and deaths outside the country may vary. To examine this, the study employs the bootstrap ARDL cointegration approach from March 8, 2020 to May 24, 2020. According to the bootstrap ARDL results, a long-run equilibrium relationship is confirmed for five out of the ten models. The long-term coefficients obtained from the ARDL models suggest that an increase in COVID-19 cases and deaths outside of the UK and the US has a significant effect on economic policy uncertainty. The US is more affected by the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. The UK, on the other hand, is more negatively affected by the increase in the number of COVID-19 deaths outside the country than the increase in the number of cases. Moreover, another significant finding from the study demonstrates that COVID-19 is a factor of great uncertainty for both countries in the short-term.

scholarly journals Legal Tech in Legal Service: Challenging the Traditional Legal Landscape in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ((S1)) ◽  
pp. 279-301
Author(s):  
Juriah Abdul Jalil ◽  
Shukriah Mohd Sheriff
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Service ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
Legal Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practice Regulation

Digital technologies are now extending its function to the legal profession. But the existence of these technologies otherwise known as legal tech or law tech is challenging the traditional legal profession. The nature of legal practice regulation in Malaysia and the United Kingdom (UK) permits only lawyers and authorised persons as legal service providers. As a result, the legal tech or law tech companies although able to facilitate the service in the legal profession are met with resistance and/or indifference. Should the traditional legal profession fear the invasion of this legal tech? This article aims to analyse the situation in Malaysia and the UK. It examines the impact of technology on legal service and legal profession in Malaysia and in the UK. The article also highlights the implication of this legal technology on the laws governing the legal profession in Malaysia. Through analyses of key Malaysian cases, the study finds that the Bar Council has the power to halt the operation of legal tech companies in providing any legal service in this country.As a result, the Bar has been criticised for being a hindrance to the development of legal tech in Malaysia. In contrast, the UK and the United States of America (US) have been very receptive to legal technology despite the exclusivity in the legal profession.

Introduction

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Allen ◽  
Robin Ostle
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Arabic ◽  
The City

This book is about the life and academic legacy of Mustafa Badawi, who may be regarded as the father of the study of modern Arabic literature in the United Kingdom and the United States based on the impact of his career and his publications. Badawi's arrival at Oxford University in 1964 as lecturer in modern Arabic literature transformed the teaching of and research into this subject in western academia. Trained in the University of Alexandria and in the UK in English literature, Badawi applied his passion for teaching, researching and translating English literature and criticism to the modern literature of his native language. This book begins with Alexandria, the city that exerted a key formative influence on the cosmopolitan culture characteristic of Badawi as individual and scholar. It goes on to document Badawi's intellectual and literary journey through his life as scholar, critic and translator and ends with a discussion of Badawi's academic legacy.

scholarly journals IS COVID-19 TRANSITIONING CASH COWS INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS INTO CATS?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fayyaz Hussain Qureshi ◽  
Sarwar Khawaja
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
International Students ◽  
International Student ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

<p>The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted every aspect of human life. It has disrupted people’s lifestyles around the world and international students are no exception. Every industry has been affected, including higher education (HE); for the first time ever in the HE sector, learning and teaching adopted online platforms to deliver the curriculum. At the same time, there has been growing interest in the business of international students across the globe. More than five million international students are currently studying in higher education institutions (HEIs) outside their home countries. It is often assumed that HEIs consider international students a source of revenue and, therefore, seek to recruit as many as possible. The United Kingdom is the second largest and most popular global destination for international students after the United States. The primary purpose of this study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 on international student enrolment around the world in general and in the UK in particular. Our findings show that international students are cash cows, and COVID-19 had a significant impact on the recruitment of international students. </p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0865/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals The predictor factors for positive surgical margins in patients of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijin Zhang ◽  
Bin Wu ◽  
Zhenlei Zha ◽  
Wei Qu ◽  
Hu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Radical Prostatectomy ◽  
Gleason Score ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Positive Lymph Node ◽  
Pathological Stage ◽  
Positive Surgical Margins ◽  
Biopsy Gleason Score ◽  
Extraprostatic Extension

Abstract Background and objectives The previous studies had demonstrate that positive surgical margins (PSMs) was independent predictive factor for biochemical and oncologic outcome in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to identify predictive factors for PSMs after radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods We selected eligible studies via electronic database of PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE from inception to February 2019. The risk factors for PSMs following RP were identificated. The pooled estimates of standardized mean differences (SMDs)/ odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A fixed-effect or random-effect was used to pool the estimates. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the reasons for heterogeneity. Results Twenty two studies including 44,144 patients with PCa were eligible for further analysis. The results showed that PSMs were significantly associated with preoperative PSA(pooled SMD=0.44; 95% CI:0.35–0.54; P<0.001), biopsy Gleason Score (< 6/ ≥7) (pooled OR=1.51; 95% CI:1.26–1.81; P<0.001), pathological Gleason Score (< 6/ ≥7) (pooled OR= 2.34; 95% CI:2.02–2.71; P<0.001), pathological stage (<0.001), positive lymph node (pooled OR=3.08; 95% CI:1.94–5.01; P<0.001), extraprostatic extension (pooled OR=4.86; 95% CI:3.11–7.57; P<0.001) and seminal vesicle invasion (pooled OR=3.56; 95% CI:2,26–5.62; P<0.001). However, we found that age (pooled SMD=-0.01; 95% CI: -0.07–0.04; P=0.656), body mass index (pooled SMD=0.06; 95% CI: -0.03–0.15; P=0.173), prostate volume (pooled SMD=-0.28; 95% CI: -0.62–0.05; P=0.097) and nerve sparing (pooled OR=0.94; 95% CI: 0.68–1.29; P=0.705) had no effect on PSMs after RC. Besides, the findings in this study were demonstrated to be reliable by our sensitivity and subgroup analysis. Conclusions preoperative PSA, biopsy Gleason Score, pathological Gleason Score, pathological stage, positive lymph node, extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion are independent predictors of PSMs after RC. These results may useful to risk stratification and individualized therapy in PCa patients.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Induced Economic Uncertainty: A Comparison between the United Kingdom and the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugur Korkut Pata
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Economic Policy Uncertainty ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic policy uncertainty in the US and the UK. The impact of the increase in COVID-19 cases and deaths in the country, and the increase in the number of cases and deaths outside the country may vary. To examine this, the study employs bootstrap ARDL cointegration approach from March 8, 2020 to May 24, 2020. According to the bootstrap ARDL results, a long-run equilibrium relationship is confirmed for five out of the 10 models. The long-term coefficients obtained from the ARDL models suggest that an increase in COVID-19 cases and deaths outside of the UK and the US has a significant effect on economic policy uncertainty. The US is more affected by the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. The UK, on the other hand, is more negatively affected by the increase in the number of COVID-19 deaths outside the country than the increase in the number of cases. Moreover, another important finding from the study demonstrates that COVID-19 is a factor of great uncertainty for both countries in the short-term.

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