Studying the relationship between water-induced soil erosion and soil organic matter using Vis–NIR spectroscopy and geomorphological analysis: A case study in southern Italy

CATENA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 44-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Conforti ◽  
Gabriele Buttafuoco ◽  
Antonio P. Leone ◽  
Pietro P.C. Aucelli ◽  
Gaetano Robustelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Geomorphological Analysis

scholarly journals Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Multi-Contaminated Soil Treated with Biochar Using the Sequential Extraction Procedure

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Mahrous Awad ◽  
Zhongzhen Liu ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Eldessoky S. Dessoky ◽  
Marian Brestic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity represents a global problem depending on the soil environment’s geochemical forms. Biochar addition safely reduces HMs mobile forms, thus, reducing their toxicity to plants. While several studies have shown that biochar could significantly stabilize HMs in contaminated soils, the study of the relationship of soil properties to potential mechanisms still needs further clarification; hence the importance of assessing a naturally contaminated soil amended, in this case with Paulownia biochar (PB) and Bamboo biochar (BB) to fractionate Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu using short sequential fractionation plans. The relationship of soil pH and organic matter and its effect on the redistribution of these metals were estimated. The results indicated that the acid-soluble metals decreased while the fraction bound to organic matter increased compared to untreated pots. The increase in the organic matter metal-bound was mostly at the expense of the decrease in the acid extractable and Fe/Mn bound ones. The highest application of PB increased the organically bound fraction of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu (62, 61, 34, and 61%, respectively), while the BB increased them (61, 49, 42, and 22%, respectively) over the control. Meanwhile, Fe/Mn oxides bound represents the large portion associated with zinc and copper. Concerning soil organic matter (SOM) and soil pH, as potential tools to reduce the risk of the target metals, a significant positive correlation was observed with acid-soluble extractable metal, while a negative correlation was obtained with organic matter-bound metal. The principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the total variance represents 89.7% for the TCPL-extractable and HMs forms and their relation to pH and SOM, which confirms the positive effect of the pH and SOM under PB and BB treatments on reducing the risk of the studied metals. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals and their geochemical forms widely varied according to pH, soil organic matter, biochar types, and application rates. As an environmentally friendly and economical material, biochar emphasizes its importance as a tool that makes the soil more suitable for safe cultivation in the short term and its long-term sustainability. This study proves that it reduces the mobility of HMs, their environmental risks and contributes to food safety. It also confirms that performing more controlled experiments, such as a pot, is a disciplined and effective way to assess the suitability of different types of biochar as soil modifications to restore HMs contaminated soil via controlling the mobilization of these minerals.

Estimation of soil organic matter using proximal and satellite sensors after a wildfire in Mediterranean Croatia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Hrelja ◽  
Ivana Šestak ◽  
Igor Bogunović
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Sentinel 2

<p>Spectral data obtained from optical spaceborne sensors are being recognized as a valuable source of data that show promising results in assessing soil properties on medium and macro scale. Combining this technique with laboratory Visible-Near Infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy methods can be an effective approach to perform robust research on plot scale to determine wildfire impact on soil organic matter (SOM) immediately after the fire. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the ability of Sentinel-2 superspectral data in estimating post-fire SOM content and comparison with the results acquired with laboratory VIS-NIR spectroscopy.</p><p>The study is performed in Mediterranean Croatia (44° 05’ N; 15° 22’ E; 72 m a.s.l.), on approximately 15 ha of fire affected mixed <em>Quercus ssp.</em> and <em>Juniperus ssp.</em> forest on Cambisols. A total of 80 soil samples (0-5 cm depth) were collected and geolocated on August 22<sup>nd</sup> 2019, two days after a medium to high severity wildfire. The samples were taken to the laboratory where soil organic carbon (SOC) content was determined via dry combustion method with a CHNS analyzer. SOM was subsequently calculated by using a conversion factor of 1.724. Laboratory soil spectral measurements were carried out using a portable spectroradiometer (350-1050 nm) on all collected soil samples. Two Sentinel-2 images were downloaded from ESAs Scientific Open Access Hub according to the closest dates of field sampling, namely August 31<sup>st</sup> and September 5<sup>th </sup>2019, each containing eight VIS-NIR and two SWIR (Short-Wave Infrared) bands which were extracted from bare soil pixels using SNAP software. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) model based on the pre-processed spectral data was used for SOM estimation on both datasets. Spectral reflectance data were used as predictors and SOM content was used as a response variable. The accuracy of the models was determined via Root Mean Squared Error of Prediction (RMSE<sub>p</sub>) and Ratio of Performance to Deviation (RPD) after full cross-validation of the calibration datasets.</p><p>The average post-fire SOM content was 9.63%, ranging from 5.46% minimum to 23.89% maximum. Models obtained from both datasets showed low RMSE<sub>p </sub>(Spectroscopy dataset RMSE<sub>p</sub> = 1.91; Sentinel-2 dataset RMSE<sub>p</sub> = 0.99). RPD values indicated very good predictions for both datasets (Spectrospcopy dataset RPD = 2.72; Sentinel-2 dataset RPD = 2.22). Laboratory spectroscopy method with higher spectral resolution provided more accurate results. Nonetheless, spaceborne method also showed promising results in the analysis and monitoring of SOM in post-burn period.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> remote sensing, soil spectroscopy, wildfires, soil organic matter</p><p><strong>Acknowledgment: </strong>This work was supported by the Croatian Science Foundation through the project "Soil erosion and degradation in Croatia" (UIP-2017-05-7834) (SEDCRO). Aleksandra Perčin is acknowledged for her cooperation during the laboratory work.</p>

scholarly journals Soil degradation: a problem threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.B. Liu ◽  
X.Y. Zhang ◽  
Y.X. Wang ◽  
Y.Y. Sui ◽  
S.L. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Grain Production

Soil degradation that results from erosion, losses of organic matter and nutrients, or soil compaction are of great concern in every agricultural region of the world. The control of soil erosion and loss of organic matter has been proposed as critical to agricultural and environmental sustainability of Northeast China. This region is bread basket of China where the fertile and productive soils, Mollisols (also called Black soils), are primarily distributed. In this paper, we introduce the importance of Northeast China’s grain production to China, and describe the changes of sown acreage and grain production in past decades. This paper also summarizes the distribution, area and intensity of water erosion, changes in the number of gullies and gully density, thickness of top soil layer, soil organic matter content, bulk density, field water holding capacity, and infiltration rates; the number of soil microorganism and main enzyme activities from soil erosion in the region are also summarized. The moderately and severely water-eroded area accounted for 31.4% and 7.9% of the total, and annual declining rate is 1.8%. Erosion rate is 1.24–2.41 mm/year, and soil loss in 1°, 5° and 15° sloping farmlands is 3 t/ha/year, 78 t/ha/year and 220.5 t/ha/year, respectively. SOC content of uncultivated soil was nearly twice that of soil with a 50-year cultivation history, and the average annual declining rate of soil organic matter was 0.5%. Proper adoption of crop rotation can increase or maintain the quantity and quality of soil organic matter, and improve soil chemical and physical properties. Proposed strategies for erosion control, in particular how tillage management, terraces and strip cultivation, or soil amendments contribute to maintain or restore the productivity of severely eroded farmland, are discussed in the context of agricultural sustainability with an emphasis on the Chinese Mollisols.

scholarly journals Soil Erodibility Analysis and Mapping in Gilgel Gibe-I Catchment, Omo-Gibe River Basin, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Gizaw Tesfaye ◽  
Tolesa Ameyu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Soil Permeability ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Fine Grained Soil ◽  
Texture Class

The soil erosion factor, erodibility, measures the susceptibility of soil particles to transport and detachment by erosive agents. Soil erosion and sedimentation models use soil properties and erodibility as the main input. However, in developing countries such as Ethiopia, data on soil erosion and soil-related properties are limited. For this reason, different researchers use different data sources that are adopted from a large scale and come with very different results. For this reason, the study was proposed to analyze and map the soil erodibility of the catchment area using primary data. 80 mixed soil samples were taken from the catchment with GPS coordinates and analyzed in the laboratory for soil texture class and soil organic matter. Accordingly, sandy clay loam is a dominant soil texture class covering 65% of the catchment area with 2.46% average soil organic matter, which is high in the mountainous part and lower in the lower valley of the catchment area. Most of the catchment area, which accounts for more than 78% of the area, was dominated by medium- or coarse-grained soil structure, and in the upper parts of the catchment area, 21% of the catchment area was covered with fine-grained soil structure. Similarly, 66% of the catchment area was covered with slow to moderate soil permeability, followed by slow soil permeability covering 21% of the area. Finally, the soil erodibility value of the Gilgel Gibe-I catchment was determined to be 0.046 ton h·MJ−1·mm−1 with a range of 0.032 to 0.063 ton·h·MJ−1·mm−1. In general, soils with slow permeability, high silt content, and medium- to fine-grained soil structures are the most erodible. They are conveniently separate; they tend to crust and form high drainage. Knowing this, the catchment has a moderate soil erodibility value. Thus, the study recommends evidence of land cover and the protection of arable land through suitable soil and water protection measures to improve soil permeability and soil structure.

scholarly journals TEKNOLOGI PENYAMBUNGAN (GRAFTING) MENDUKUNG PENGEMBANGAN, PEREMAJAAN DAN REHABILITASI PERTANAMAN JAMBU METE / Grafting Technology for Support Extensification, Replanting, and Rehabilitation of Cashew Plantation

Perspektif ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Rudi Suryadi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Land Conservation ◽  
Marginal Land ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Pests And Diseases

<p>Initially cashew cultivation was aimed at marginal land conservation. A tight spacing (3 m x 3 m) so that the crown can cover the ground as quickly as possible to prevent soil erosion during rain and deciduous cashew leaves will add soil organic matter. Therefore aspects of plant productivity have not been a concern. As the price of cashew nuts tends to increase every year. This can encourage farmers to try cashew crops more seriously. At present, cashew cultivation is not only an effort to conserve marginal land, but also as a source of income for farmers, especially in Eastern Indonesia (KTI). Until 2016, Indonesia's cashew area had reached 514,491 ha with production of 137,094 tons. However, the level of productivity is considered still low, namely 430 kg logs/ha/year, far below India and Nigeria in the range of 900-2,286 kg logs/ha/year. Some factors that cause low productivity of Indonesian cashew are (1) the quality of plant material used, (2) disruption of pests and diseases, (3) maintenance of plants, and (4) the number of old plants (&gt; 30 years). For this reason, efforts need to be made to increase the productivity of cashew, by implementing grafting technology in the extensification, replanting and rehabilitation of cashew. Research related to the grafting has been done quite a lot and produced, both grafting in nurseries and directly on the field (top working). The production potential of 9 superior varieties released ranged from 5.97 - 37.44 kg logs/trees/year or an average of 16.70 kg logs/trees/year. If the extensification, replanting and rehabilitation activities apply the grafting technology using the stem from superior varieties, it will be able to increase the productivity of Indonesian cashew to 1,670 kg logs/ha/year or increase by 300% from current productivity.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Awalnya penanaman jambu mete bertujuan untuk konservasi lahan marjinal. Jarak tanam rapat (3 m x 3 m) agar tajuk dapat secepat mungkin menutup permukaan tanah untuk mencegah erosi permukaan tanah saat hujan dan daun jambu mete yang gugur akan menambah bahan organik tanah. Oleh sebab itu aspek produktivitas tanaman belum menjadi perhatian. Seiring perkembangan harga kacang mete cenderung meningkat setiap tahunnya. Hal tersebut mampu mendorong petani untuk mengusahakan tanaman jambu mete lebih serius. Saat ini penanaman jambu mete tidak hanya sebagai usaha konservasi lahan marjinal, namun menjadi sumber pendapatan petani, terutama di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI). Sampai 2016, luas areal mete Indonesia telah mencapai 514.491 ha dengan produksi 137.094 ton. Namun, tingkat produktivitas dianggap masih rendah yaitu 430 kg gelondong/ha/tahun, jauh dibawah India dan Nigeria pada kisaran 900-2.286 kg gelondong/ha/tahun. Beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan rendahnya produktivitas jambu mete Indonesia yaitu (1) mutu bahan tanaman yang digunakan, (2) gangguan hama dan penyakit, (3) pemeliharaan tanaman, dan (4) banyaknya tanaman tua (&gt;30 tahun). Untuk itu perlu ditempuh upaya meningkatkan produktivitas jambu mete, dengan menerapkan teknologi penyambungan pada kegiatan pengembangan, peremajaan dan rehabilitasi pertanaman jambu mete. Penelitian terkait penyambungan sudah cukup banyak dilakukan dan dihasilkan, baik penyambungan di pembibitan maupun langsung di lapang (<em>top working</em>). Potensi produksi dari 9 varietas unggul yang dilepas berkisar antara 5,97- 37,44 kg gelondong/pohon/tahun atau rata-rata 16,70 kg gelondong/pohon/tahun. Apabila kegiatan pengembangan, peremajaan dan rehabilitasi menerapkan teknologi penyambungan menggunakan batang atas dari varietas unggul, akan mampu meningkatkan produktivitas jambu mete Indonesia menjadi 1.670 kg gelondong/ha/tahun atau meningkat 300 % dari produktivitas saat ini.</p><p> </p>

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