Developing domain-specific causal-explanatory frameworks: the role of insides and immanence

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail M. Gottfried ◽  
Susan A. Gelman
Keyword(s):  
Domain Specific

Testing the sociometer: The role of self-esteem as a domain specific mediator

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Kavanagh ◽  
G. J. O. Fletcher ◽  
B. J. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Domain Specific

When Do Auditors Use Specialists' Work to Improve Problem Representations of and Judgments about Complex Estimates?

2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Situational Factor ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Audit ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Epistemic Motivation ◽  
Specific Expertise ◽  
Problem Representations

ABSTRACT Auditors are more likely to identify misstatements in complex estimates if they recognize problematic patterns among an estimate's underlying assumptions. Rich problem representations aid pattern recognition, but auditors likely have difficulty developing them given auditors' limited domain-specific expertise in this area. In two experiments, I predict and find that a relational cue in a specialist's work highlighting aggressive assumptions improves auditors' problem representations and subsequent judgments about estimates. However, this improvement only occurs when a situational factor (e.g., risk) increases auditors' epistemic motivation to incorporate the cue into their problem representations. These results suggest that auditors do not always respond to cues in specialists' work. More generally, this study highlights the role of situational factors in increasing auditors' epistemic motivation to develop rich problem representations, which contribute to high-quality audit judgments in this and other domains where pattern recognition is important.

scholarly journals Contradictions in Counter-Intuitive Beliefs and Naïve Dialecticism

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Samson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural Psychology ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cognitive Anthropology ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Role Of Religion

AbstractIn an article aimed at complementing Boyer and Sperber's (relatively structural) views of counter-intuitive concepts and their robustness in the religious domain, Franks (2003) has recently drawn attention to the fact that the tolerance of such conflict or contradiction appears to be less domain-specific in some cultures, such as those found in East Asia. This paper follows up on this important point by highlighting the similarities and differences of the tolerance for contradictions evident in East Asian 'naïve dialecticism' and nonnatural religious representations. It is argued that, despite their dissimilarity with respect to the content represented, both types of tolerances may be structurally similar. Both could also be anchored in intuition, albeit in qualitatively different ways. Given the general tolerance of psychological contradiction among persons of East Asian cultures and the potential role of religion, the question whether there is a place for the study of 'tolerance of contradiction' in cross-cultural psychology and cognitive anthropology is raised.

The role of a single lingua franca in scientific inquiry

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Ekkehard König
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Scientific Communication ◽  
External World ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Multilingual Approach

This paper discusses the role of English as the current lingua franca academica in contrast to a multilingual approach to scientific inquiry on the basis of four perspectives: a cognitive, a typological, a contrastive and a domain-specific one. It is argued that a distinction must be drawn between the natural sciences and the humanities in order to properly assess the potential of either linguistic solution to the problem of scientific communication. To the extent that the results of scientific research are expressed in formal languages and international standardised terminology, the exclusive use of one lingua franca is unproblematic, especially if phenomena of our external world are under consideration. In the humanities, by contrast, especially in the analysis of our non-visible, mental world, a single lingua franca cannot be regarded as a neutral instrument, but may more often than not become a conceptual prison. For the humanities the analysis of the conceptual system of a language provides the most reliable access to its culture. For international exchange of results, however, the humanities too have to rely on a suitable lingua franca as language of description as opposed to the language under description.

The Role of Parents and Peers in the Transition From University to Work Life

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike M. Buhl ◽  
Peter Noack ◽  
Baerbel Kracke
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Instrumental Support ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Support ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
The University

This longitudinal study addresses the role of support given by parents and peers during the transition from university to work life. A sample of 64 German university students in their last year at the university completed scales from the Network of Relationships Inventory regarding general support, namely, instrumental aid and intimacy with mothers, fathers, romantic partners, and friends. Four years later, they assessed domain-specific support when looking for work, namely, joint exploration and instrumental support. Participants perceived receiving both types of support from all significant others. However, joint exploration was more important than instrumental support. They felt especially supported by romantic partners. Women received more support than did men. Both types of domain-specific support were explained by general modes of support assessed 4 years earlier. Whether parents, friends, and partners were perceived as helpful during the transition was explained mainly by joint exploration. Again, support from a partner was seen as especially helpful in contrast to help from parents and friends. The special significance of joint exploration underlines the benefit of counseling at the transition from university to work life.

scholarly journals Future Time Perspective

GeroPsych ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Wen Liao ◽  
Laura L. Carstensen
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Time Perspective ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Socioemotional Selectivity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences

Abstract. The articles in the present volume enhance the understanding of the role of perceived time in human development. Together, they point to the multifaceted nature of perceived future time and the associations different aspects of time have with goals, preferences, and well-being. Specifically, the articles showcase antecedents and consequences of perceived time left in life, consider ways to optimize measurement of future time horizons, and advance novel questions about the neural correlates of domain-specific aspects of subjective time. Findings are considered within the framework of socioemotional selectivity theory. Future directions for research on time horizons are discussed.

scholarly journals Predicting education science students’ statistics anxiety: The role of prior experiences within a framework of domain-specific motivation constructs

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guenter Faber ◽  
Heike Drexler
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Statistics Anxiety ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Utility Value ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Experience Levels ◽  
Prior Experiences ◽  
Education Science

Based on a cognitive-motivational modeling of construct relations, the present study aimed at analyzing the role of prior statistics experiences to ex­­plain education science students’ statistics anxiety. Data were analyzed from two independent samples which consisted of N = 113 and N = 87 participants – using a different operationalization of the experience variable in each case. In both samples, analyses demonstrated students’ statistics anxiety to be substantially ex­plained by their self-concept and negative utility value – but not by their prior sta­tistics ex­periences. However, conceptually assumed interaction effects between motivation and ex­perience variables did not occur. Instead, students’ statistics anxiety appeared to be de­pendent on self-concept and value scores across all experience levels. Moreover, different operationa­lizations of the experience variable produced somewhat varying effect patterns. Find­ings are discussed in terms of conceptual, methodological, and instructional implications.

Causal Invariance as an Essential Constraint for Creating a Causal Representation of the World

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia W. Cheng ◽  
Hongjing Lu
Keyword(s):  
Search Space ◽  
Causal Learning ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Intuitive Reasoning ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Causal Understanding ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Description ◽  
The World

This chapter illustrates the representational nature of causal understanding of the world and examines its implications for causal learning. The vastness of the search space of causal relations, given the representational aspect of the problem, implies that powerful constraints are essential for arriving at adaptive causal relations. The chapter reviews (1) why causal invariance—the sameness of how a causal mechanism operates across contexts—is an essential constraint for causal learning in intuitive reasoning, (2) a psychological causal-learning theory that assumes causal invariance as a defeasible default, (3) some ways in which the computational role of causal invariance in causal learning can become obscured, and (4) the roles of causal invariance as a general aspiration, a default assumption, a criterion for hypothesis revision, and a domain-specific description. The chapter also reviews a puzzling discrepancy in the human and non-human causal and associative learning literatures and offers a potential explanation.

Changing minds about climate change: a pervasive role for domain-general metacognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manos Tsakiris ◽  
Neza Vehar ◽  
Stephen M Fleming ◽  
Sophie De Beukelaer ◽  
Max Rollwage
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Negative Evidence ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
The Face ◽  
Metacognitive Abilities ◽  
Insight Into

Updating one’s beliefs about the causes and effects of climate change is crucial for altering attitudes and behaviours. Importantly, metacognitive abilities - insight into the (in)correctness of one’s beliefs- play a key role in the formation of polarized beliefs. We investigated the role of domain-general and domain-specific metacognition in updating prior beliefs about climate change across the spectrum of climate change scepticism. We also considered the role of how climate science is communicated in the form of textual or visuo-textual presentations. We show that climate change scepticism is associated with differences in domain-general as well as domain-specific metacognitive abilities. Moreover, domain-general metacognitive sensitivity influenced belief updating in an asymmetric way : lower domain-general metacognition decreased the updating of prior beliefs, especially in the face of negative evidence. Our findings highlight the role of metacognitive failures in revising erroneous beliefs about climate change and point to their adverse social effects.

Causal evidence for a domain-specific role of left superior frontal sulcus in human perceptual decision-making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Barretto Garcia ◽  
Marcus Grueschow ◽  
Marius Moisa ◽  
Rafael Polania ◽  
Christian Carl Ruff
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Sequential Sampling Model ◽  
Evidence Integration ◽  
Superior Frontal Sulcus

Humans and animals can flexibly choose their actions based on different information, ranging from objective states of the environment (e.g., apples are bigger than cherries) to subjective preferences (e.g., cherries are tastier than apples). Whether the brain instantiates these different choices by recruiting either specialized or shared neural circuitry remains debated. Specifically, domain-general theories of prefrontal cortex (PFC) function propose that prefrontal areas flexibly process either perceptual or value-based evidence depending on what is required for the present choice, whereas domain-specific theories posit that PFC sub- areas, such as the left superior frontal sulcus (SFS), selectively integrate evidence relevant for perceptual decisions. Here we comprehensively test the functional role of the left SFS for choices based on perceptual and value-based evidence, by combining fMRI with a behavioural paradigm, computational modelling, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Confirming predictions by a sequential sampling model, we show that TMS-induced excitability reduction of the left SFS selectively changes the processing of decision-relevant perceptual information and associated neural processes. In contrast, value-based decision making and associated neural processes remain unaffected. This specificity of SFS function is evident at all levels of analysis (behavioural, computational, and neural, including functional connectivity), demonstrating that the left SFS causally contributes to evidence integration for  perceptual but not value-based decisions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document