The cognitive modeling of human behavior: Why a model is (sometimes) better than 10,000 words

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Fum ◽  
Fabio Del Missier ◽  
Andrea Stocco
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Better Than

scholarly journals Inference and search on graph-structured spaces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charley M. Wu ◽  
Eric Schulz ◽  
Samuel J Gershman
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Learning Curves ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Function Learning ◽  
Sampling Behavior ◽  
Complex Graph ◽  
Human Function ◽  
Better Than

How do people learn functions on structured spaces? And how do they use this knowledge to guide their search for rewards in situations where the number of options is large? We study human behavior on structures with graph-correlated values and propose a Bayesian model of function learning to describe and predict their behavior. Across two experiments, one assessing function learning and one assessing the search for rewards, we find that our model captures human predictions and sampling behavior better than several alternatives, generates human-like learning curves, and also captures participants’ confidence judgements. Our results extend past models of human function learning and reward learning to more complex, graph-structured domains.

An Exploration of Deception Detection: Are Groups More Effective Than Individuals?

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1103-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger McHaney ◽  
Joey F. George ◽  
Manjul Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Performance Theory ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Online Video ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
Better Than

Deception is a pervasive problem often found in human behavior. This study investigates why past deception studies have found groups perform no better than individuals in detection using time-interaction-performance theory which suggests teams are not immediately effective. Only after establishing relational links is their potential reached. Established groups spend less time building relational links and instead focus on task-oriented activities more effectively. We sought to determine whether groups with prior history of interaction outperform individuals in deception detection. First, participants were randomly assigned to an individual or ad hoc group role. Later, additional preexisting work groups were recruited. Participants were instructed to identify deception in online video interviews. The experiment tested theoretical explanations regarding cohesion, interaction, and satisfaction as components of relational links and relationships to deception detection. Results indicated that groups which exhibited higher levels of relational links, that is, established groups, were more accurate in deception detection than ad hoc groups.

COGNITIVE COMPARISON MODELS FORMING SEMANTICS OF THE ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A ZOONYM COMPONENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
L.V. Babina ◽  
◽  
E.V. Dolgova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
English Language ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Subsequent Comparison

The article deals with comparison as a cognitive mechanism that determines the formation of the semantics of the phraseological units (hereinafter - PU) of the English language that convey knowledge about human being. The authors study the PU that include zoonyms and structurally represent comparative constructions of two types: comparative constructions as ... as and comparisons with the word like . The method of cognitive modeling enabled to reveal the cognitive comparison models used in creating the considered PU. The study allowed us to identify the following cognitive models of comparison: 1) HUMAN BEING AS PHYSICAL QUALITY/PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE AS ANIMAL (either physical/physiological characteristics are compared, or the characteristic is transferred from the physical/physiological to the psychological domain); 2) HUMAN BEING AS PSYCHOLOGICAL QUALITY AS ANIMAL (helps to comprehend information about psychological qualities and human behavior through the prism of ideas about animals); 3) HUMAN BEING LIKE ANIMAL (used when comparing human and animal features); 4) HUMAN BEING ACT LIKE ANIMAL (used when comparing the actions of people and animals). In conclusion the authors state the role of cognitive comparison models in forming the semantics of the PU in the English language, which is definitely important: they help to organize knowledge from different domains for their subsequent comparison.

Adaptive Biases

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
Dominic D. P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Relative Influence ◽  
Rational Actor ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Human Actors ◽  
Better Than

This chapter explores the notion of adaptive biases and strategic instincts in more detail and compares social science and life science approaches to understanding human behavior. It explains why cognitive biases evolved in the evolutionary past, whether they continue to be adaptive today, and why a bias can be better than accuracy. It also mentions that historians disagree on the relative influence of individual human actors in how history unfolds, while other historians dispute the fact that many or a majority of the most important figures across the ages do not fit the model of a perfectly rational actor. The chapter offers insights, predictions, and sources of variation that unifies a scientific theory to understand the origins, causes, and consequences of human cognitive and behavioral biases. It draws on evolutionary psychology to make two core arguments: cognitive biases are adaptations and cognitive biases are strategic.

scholarly journals Inference and Search on Graph-Structured Spaces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charley M. Wu ◽  
Eric Schulz ◽  
Samuel J. Gershman
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Learning Curves ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Function Learning ◽  
Sampling Behavior ◽  
Complex Graph ◽  
Human Function ◽  
Better Than

Abstract How do people learn functions on structured spaces? And how do they use this knowledge to guide their search for rewards in situations where the number of options is large? We study human behavior on structures with graph-correlated values and propose a Bayesian model of function learning to describe and predict their behavior. Across two experiments, one assessing function learning and one assessing the search for rewards, we find that our model captures human predictions and sampling behavior better than several alternatives, generates human-like learning curves, and also captures participants’ confidence judgements. Our results extend past models of human function learning and reward learning to more complex, graph-structured domains.

scholarly journals Cognitive Modeling of Task Switching in Discretionary Multitasking Based on the ACT-R Cognitive Architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3967
Author(s):  
Hyungseok Oh ◽  
Yongdeok Yun ◽  
Rohae Myung
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Insight Into

Discretionary multitasking has emerged as a prevalent and important domain in research on human–computer interaction. Studies on modeling based on cognitive architectures such as ACT-R to gain insight into and predict human behavior in multitasking are critically important. However, studies on ACT-R modeling have mainly focused on concurrent and sequential multitasking, including scheduled task switching. Therefore, in this study, an ACT-R cognitive model of task switching in discretionary multitasking was developed to provide an integrated account of when and how humans decide on switching tasks. Our model contains a symbolic structure and subsymbolic equations that represent the cognitive process of task switching as self-interruption by the imposed demands and a decision to switch. To validate our model, it was applied to an illustrative dual task, including a memory game and a subitizing task, and the results were compared with human data. The results demonstrate that our model can provide a relatively accurate representation, in terms of task-switching percent just after the subtask, the number of task-switching during the subtask, and performance time depending on the task difficulty level; it exhibits enhanced performance in predicting human behavior in multitasking and demonstrates how ACT-R facilitates accounts of voluntary task switching.

scholarly journals Learning the Past Tense of English Verbs: The Symbolic Pattern Associator vs. Connectionist Models

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 209-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. X. Ling
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Decision Tree Learning ◽  
Wide Margin ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ann Models ◽  
Better Than

Learning the past tense of English verbs - a seemingly minor aspect of language acquisition - has generated heated debates since 1986, and has become a landmark task for testing the adequacy of cognitive modeling. Several artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been implemented, and a challenge for better symbolic models has been posed. In this paper, we present a general-purpose Symbolic Pattern Associator (SPA) based upon the decision-tree learning algorithm ID3. We conduct extensive head-to-head comparisons on the generalization ability between ANN models and the SPA under different representations. We conclude that the SPA generalizes the past tense of unseen verbs better than ANN models by a wide margin, and we offer insights as to why this should be the case. We also discuss a new default strategy for decision-tree learning algorithms.

Time and Latitude in South Africa

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
J. Hers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Astronomical Determination ◽  
Limited Accuracy ◽  
Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

Localization of immunolabels by electron microscopy and image averaging

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
J. Frank ◽  
P.-Y. Sizaret ◽  
A. Verschoor ◽  
J. Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Attachment Site ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Image Averaging ◽  
Top View ◽  
Better Than

The accuracy with which the attachment site of immunolabels bound to macromolecules may be localized in electron microscopic images can be considerably improved by using single particle averaging. The example studied in this work showed that the accuracy may be better than the resolution limit imposed by negative staining (∽2nm).The structure used for this demonstration was a halfmolecule of Limulus polyphemus (LP) hemocyanin, consisting of 24 subunits grouped into four hexamers. The top view of this structure was previously studied by image averaging and correspondence analysis. It was found to vary according to the flip or flop position of the molecule, and to the stain imbalance between diagonally opposed hexamers (“rocking effect”). These findings have recently been incorporated into a model of the full 8 × 6 molecule.LP hemocyanin contains eight different polypeptides, and antibodies specific for one, LP II, were used. Uranyl acetate was used as stain. A total of 58 molecule images (29 unlabelled, 29 labelled with antl-LPII Fab) showing the top view were digitized in the microdensitometer with a sampling distance of 50μ corresponding to 6.25nm.

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