Corrigendum to “Sea ice growth rates near ice shelves” [Cold Regions Science and Technology 83–84 (2012) 57–70]

Abstract. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), fitted with Conductivity-Temperature-Depth sensors at Macquarie Island in January 2005 and 2010, collected unique oceanographic observations of the Adélie and George V Land continental shelf (140–148° E) during the summer-fall transition (late February through April). This is a key region of dense shelf water formation from enhanced sea ice growth/brine rejection in the local coastal polynyas. In 2005, two seals occupied the continental shelf break near the grounded icebergs at the northern end of the Mertz Glacier Tongue for several weeks from the end of February. One of the seals migrated west to the Dibble Ice Tongue, apparently utilising the Antarctic Slope Front current near the continental shelf break. In 2010, immediately after that year's calving of the Mertz Glacier Tongue, two seals migrated to the same region but penetrated much further southwest across the Adélie Depression and sampled the Commonwealth Bay polynya from March through April. Here we present observations of the regional oceanography during the summer-fall transition, in particular (i) the zonal distribution of modified Circumpolar Deep Water exchange across the shelf break, (ii) the upper ocean stratification across the Adélie Depression, including alongside iceberg C-28 that calved from the Mertz Glacier and (iii) the convective overturning of the deep remnant seasonal mixed layer in Commonwealth Bay from sea ice growth. Heat and freshwater budgets to 200–300 m are used to estimate the ocean heat content (400→50 MJ m−2), flux (50–200 W m−2 loss) and sea ice growth rates (maximum of 7.5–12.5 cm day−1). Mean seal-derived sea ice growth rates were within the range of satellite-derived estimates from 1992–2007 using ERA-Interim data. We speculate that the continuous foraging by the seals within Commonwealth Bay during the summer/fall transition was due to favorable feeding conditions resulting from the convective overturning of the deep seasonal mixed layer and chlorophyll maximum that is a reported feature of this location.

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Turbulent heat transfer as a control of platelet ice growth in supercooled under-ice ocean boundary layers

Ocean Science ◽

10.5194/os-12-507-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 507-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Miles G. McPhee ◽

Craig L. Stevens ◽

Inga J. Smith ◽

Natalie J. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Turbulent Heat Transfer ◽

Late Winter ◽

Turbulent Heat ◽

Ice Shelves ◽

Ice Growth ◽

Turbulent Heat Exchange ◽

Fast Ice ◽

Platelet Ice

Abstract. Late winter measurements of turbulent quantities in tidally modulated flow under land-fast sea ice near the Erebus Glacier Tongue, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, identified processes that influence growth at the interface of an ice surface in contact with supercooled seawater. The data show that turbulent heat exchange at the ocean–ice boundary is characterized by the product of friction velocity and (negative) water temperature departure from freezing, analogous to similar results for moderate melting rates in seawater above freezing. Platelet ice growth appears to increase the hydraulic roughness (drag) of fast ice compared with undeformed fast ice without platelets. Platelet growth in supercooled water under thick ice appears to be rate-limited by turbulent heat transfer and that this is a significant factor to be considered in mass transfer at the underside of ice shelves and sea ice in the vicinity of ice shelves.

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The sensitivity of sea ice growth to the choice of ice shelf-ocean coupling algorithms.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12502 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Stefan Jendersie ◽

Alena Malyarenko

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Data Sets ◽

Ice Shelf ◽

Ice Shelves ◽

Ice Growth ◽

Continental Scale ◽

Complex Models ◽

Coupling Algorithms ◽

The Impact

<p>To quantify Antarctic ice mass loss and the subsequent sea level rise the geophysical modelling community is pushing towards frameworks that fully couple increasingly complex models of atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ice sheets & shelves. &#160;One particular hurdle remains the accurate representation of the vertical ocean-ice interaction at the base of ice shelves. &#160;Parameterizations that are tuned to particular data sets naturally perform best in comparable ice shelf cavity environments. This poses the challenge in continental scale ocean-ice shelf models to chose one melt parameterizaton that performs sufficiently well in diverse cavity environment. &#160;Thus adding uncertainty in ice shelf induced ocean freshening crucially affects modelled sea ice growth. &#160;The impact magnitude of ice shelf supplied melt water on growth rates, thickness and extent of sea ice in the open ocean is currently debated in the literature. &#160;<br>We reviewed and compared 16 commonly utilized melting/freezing parameterizations in coupled ocean-ice shelf models. &#160;Melt rates differ hugely, in identical idealized conditions between 0.1m/yr to 3m/yr. &#160;In this talk we present results of a realistic circum-Antarctic ice shelf and sea ice coupled ocean model (CICE, ROMS), where we look at the effects of the chosen ice shelf melt parameterization on modeled sea surface conditions and sea ice growth, regionally and circum Antarctic.</p>

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Sea ice growth rates from tide-driven visible banding

Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans ◽

10.1002/2016jc012524 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 122 (6) ◽

pp. 4675-4684

Author(s):

Kate E. Turner ◽

Inga J. Smith ◽

Jean-Louis Tison ◽

Véronique Verbeke ◽

Mark McGuinness ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Ice Growth

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Remote Sensing of Sea-Ice Growth and Melt-Pool Evolution, Milne Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Canada

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0260305500000525 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 145-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin O. Jeffries ◽

William M. Sackinger ◽

Harold V. Serson

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Drainage System ◽

Outer Part ◽

The Arctic ◽

Ice Shelf ◽

Ice Shelves ◽

Ice Growth ◽

Radar Images ◽

Melt Pool ◽

Arctic Ice

Periodically since 1950, air photographs and SLAR images have been taken of the Arctic ice shelves. The study of air photographs and SLAR images of the outer part of Milne Ice Shelf had three aims: (1) to map losses and ice re-growth at the shelf front, (2) to map the evolution of melt pools on shelf ice and multi-year land-fast sea ice, and (3) to assess the usefulness of air photographs and SLAR for these purposes. For mapping of ice calvings and subsequent sea-ice growth, both air photographs and radar images have been used sucessfully. However, air photographs are better than radar for mapping ice-surface features. The ridge-and-trough systems that characterize the surface of the ice shelf and old sea ice are clearly visible on each type of imagery but, because of their larger scale, air photographs proved to be most useful for a study of melt-pool evolution. The orientation of the melt pools is parallel to the prevailing winds which drive water along the troughs. The drainage system evolves by a process of elongation and coalesence.

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OIL MIGRATION AND MODIFICATION PROCESSES IN SOLID SEA ICE

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-1981-1-191 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 1981 (1) ◽

pp. 191-198

Author(s):

William G. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Oil Viscosity ◽

Oil Migration ◽

Ice Growth ◽

Laboratory Test Results ◽

Prudhoe Bay

ABSTRACT The migration of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and diesel fuel through first year sea ice and the effect of entrained oil on sea ice growth rates were examined. Physical and chemical changes within the oils were examined during and after the entrainment process. Several crude oil and diesel fuel injections beneath solid sea ice were conducted off Prudhoe Bay during the winter of 1979/1980. Oil layers of 2.5, 15, and 30 centimeters (cm) were formed under 15, 30, and approximately 60 cm of sea ice. The sea ice growth under the injected oils was monitored. At the end of the ice growing season the individual oil injection sites were excavated from the ice. Each site was studied to determine the extent of vertical oil migration. The field results are compared to laboratory salt water ice growth experiments with entrained oil layers. The laboratory test results include oil migration as a function of ice temperature and the effect of various oil layer thicknesses upon the ice growth rates. Direct heat flux measurements are included from which the thermal conductivity of oil layers is obtained as a function of the oil layer thickness. These data illustrate the relationships among oil layer thickness, temperature gradient across the oil layer, oil viscosity, and convective motion occurring within the oil layer.

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Upper ocean stratification and sea ice growth rates during the summer-fall transition, as revealed by Elephant seal foraging in the Adélie Depression, East Antarctica

Ocean Science Discussions ◽

10.5194/osd-7-1913-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 1913-1951

Author(s):

G. D. Williams ◽

M. Hindell ◽

M.-N. Houssais ◽

T. Tamura ◽

I. C. Field

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Continental Shelf ◽

Mixed Layer ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Shelf Break ◽

Upper Ocean ◽

Ocean Stratification ◽

Glacier Tongue ◽

Ice Growth ◽

Continental Shelf Break

Abstract. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), fitted with Conductivity-Temperature-Depth sensors at Macquarie Island in January 2005 and 2010, collected unique oceanographic observations of the Adélie and George V Land continental shelf (140–148° E) during the summer-fall transition (late February through April). This is a key region of dense shelf water formation from enhanced sea ice growth/brine-rejection in the local coastal polynyas. In 2005 two seals occupied the continental shelf break near the grounded icebergs at the northern end of the Mertz Glacier Tongue for nearly two weeks at the onset of sea ice growth. One of the seals migrated north thereafter and the other headed west, possibly utilising the Antarctic Slope Front current near the continental shelf break. In 2010, after that years calving of the Mertz Glacier Tongue, two seals migrated to the same region but penetrated much further southwest across the Adélie Depression and occupied the Commonwealth Bay polynya from March through April. Here we present unique observations of the regional oceanography during the summer-fall transition, in particular (a) the zonal distribution of modified Circumpolar Deep Water exchange across the shelf break, (b) the upper ocean stratification across the Adélie Depression, including alongside iceberg C–28 that calved from the Mertz Glacier and (c) the convective overturning of the deep remnant seasonal mixed layer in Commonwealth Bay from sea ice growth (7.5–12.5 cm s−1). Heat and freshwater budgets to 200–300 m are used to estimate the ocean heat content, heat flux and sea ice growth rates. We speculate that the continuous foraging by the seals within Commonwealth Bay during the summer-fall transition was due to favorable feeding conditions resulting from the convective overturning of the deep seasonal mixed layer and chlorophyll maximum that is a reported feature of this location.

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On the Conditional Frazil Ice Instability in Seawater

Journal of Physical Oceanography ◽

10.1175/jpo-d-14-0159.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 1121-1138 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

James R. Jordan ◽

Satoshi Kimura ◽

Paul R. Holland ◽

Adrian Jenkins ◽

Matthew D. Piggott

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Water Column ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Initial Perturbation ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Ice Shelf ◽

High Background ◽

Ice Shelves ◽

Ice Growth ◽

Frazil Ice

AbstractIt has been suggested that the presence of frazil ice can lead to a conditional instability in seawater. Any frazil forming in the water column reduces the bulk density of a parcel of frazil–seawater mixture, causing it to rise. As a result of the pressure decrease in the freezing point, this causes more frazil to form, causing the parcel to accelerate, and so on. This study uses linear stability analysis and a nonhydrostatic ocean model to study this instability. The authors find that frazil ice growth caused by the rising of supercooled water is indeed able to generate a buoyancy-driven instability. Even in a gravitationally stable water column, the frazil ice mechanism can still generate convection. The instability does not operate in the presence of strong density stratification, high thermal driving (warm water), a small initial perturbation, high background mixing, or the prevalence of large frazil ice crystals. In an unstable water column, the instability is not necessarily expressed in frazil ice at all times; an initial frazil perturbation may melt and refreeze. Given a large enough initial perturbation, this instability can allow significant ice growth. A model shows frazil ice growth in an Ice Shelf Water plume several kilometers from an ice shelf, under similar conditions to observations of frazil ice growth under sea ice. The presence of this instability could be a factor affecting the growth of sea ice near ice shelves, with implications for Antarctic Bottom Water formation.

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Relation of ice growth rate to salt segregation during freezing of low-salinity sea water (Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea)

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/172756406781811259 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 134-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mats A. Granskog ◽

Jari Uusikivi ◽

Alberto Blanco Sequeiros ◽

Eloni Sonninen

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Baltic Sea ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Sea Water ◽

Isotopic Fractionation ◽

Ice Growth ◽

Low Salinity ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Baltic

AbstractSalt segregation and isotopic fractionation during sea-ice formation can be parameterized as a function of the ice growth rate. We performed a study to investigate if the salt segregation models derived for saline sea-ice studies are pertinent during the growth of Baltic Sea ice in brackish water. We used a time series of ice-salinity profiles and modeled growth rates to examine the relationship between effective salt segregation and growth rate. The results show that models derived for saline sea water are not directly applicable for use in the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea. We derived a simple model for the effective salt segregation in relation to ice growth rate, for a wide range of growth rates, pertinent for use in low-salinity Baltic Sea conditions and in the future development of a Baltic Sea ice salinity model.

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