A flexible surface-mountable sensor for ice detection and non-destructive measurement of liquid water content in snow

2021 ◽  
pp. 103469
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdelaal ◽  
Mehdi Sarayloo ◽  
Douglas K. Nims ◽  
Behrouz Mohammadian ◽  
Jamie Heil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Flexible Surface ◽  
Ice Detection ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive

scholarly journals Measurements of Daily Variations in the Subsurface Wetness Gradient

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
A. Denoth ◽  
A. Foglar
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Strip Line ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
Dielectric Sensor ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Destructive Measurement

A flat condenser in strip-line technique has been developed to measure the gradient in liquid water content near the snow surface. This dielectric sensor is connected to a twin-T-bridge with an operating frequency of 27 MHz. The special design of the sensor allows the non-destructive measurement of the mean dielectric constant of underlying material at two different depths of 0 to 2 cm, and of 2 to 4 cm below the snow surface. Based on the model of Polder and van Santen, changes in the gradient of liquid water content can be calculated from measured changes in the dielectric constant in different depths; the density has to be measured separately. Results of measurements of wetness gradient with this flat capacitative sensor are given. Field measurements have been carried out in the Stubai Alps (3100 m a.s.1.) and at the Hafelekar (2256 m a.s.l.) near Innsbruck.

scholarly journals Measurements of Daily Variations in the Subsurface Wetness Gradient

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 254-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Denoth ◽  
A. Foglar
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Strip Line ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
Dielectric Sensor ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Destructive Measurement

A flat condenser in strip-line technique has been developed to measure the gradient in liquid water content near the snow surface. This dielectric sensor is connected to a twin-T-bridge with an operating frequency of 27 MHz. The special design of the sensor allows the non-destructive measurement of the mean dielectric constant of underlying material at two different depths of 0 to 2 cm, and of 2 to 4 cm below the snow surface. Based on the model of Polder and van Santen, changes in the gradient of liquid water content can be calculated from measured changes in the dielectric constant in different depths; the density has to be measured separately. Results of measurements of wetness gradient with this flat capacitative sensor are given. Field measurements have been carried out in the Stubai Alps (3100 m a.s.1.) and at the Hafelekar (2256 m a.s.l.) near Innsbruck.

scholarly journals Proof of Concept: Development of Snow Liquid Water Content Profiler Using CS650 Reflectometers at Caribou, ME, USA

Sensors ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Pérez Díaz ◽  
Jonathan Muñoz ◽  
Tarendra Lakhankar ◽  
Reza Khanbilvardi ◽  
Peter Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Concept Development ◽  
Proof Of Concept

Field Measurement of the Liquid-Water Content of Snow

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (95) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Field Trials

Abstract Field trials show that the liquid-water content of snow can be determined simply and cheaply by a version of Bader’s solution method.

scholarly journals Snow dielectric properties: from DC to microwave X-band

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 92-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH. Achammer ◽  
A. Denoth
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Snow Density ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
X Band ◽  
Grain Size And Shape

Broadband measurements of dielectric properties of natural snow samples near or at 0°C are reported. Measurement quantities are: dielectric permittivity, loss factor and complex propagation factor for electromagnetic waves. X-band measurements were made in a cold room in the laboratory; measurements at low and intermediate frequencies were carried out both in the field (Stubai Alps, 3300 m; Hafelekar near Innsbruck, 2100 m) and in the cold room. Results show that in the different frequency ranges the relative effect on snow dielectric properties of the parameters: density, grain-size and shape, liquid water content, shape and distribution of liquid inclusions and content of impurities, varies significantly. In the low-frequency range the influence of grain-size and shape and snow density dominates; in the medium-frequency range liquid water content and density are the dominant parameters. In the microwave X-band the influence of the amount, shape and distribution of liquid inclusions and snow density is more important than that of the remaining parameters.

Comparison of Water Thickness Profiles of Compressed PEMFC GDLs

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradyumna Challa ◽  
James Hinebaugh ◽  
A. Bazylak
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ex Situ

In this paper, through-plane liquid water distribution is analyzed for two polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) gas diffusion layers (GDLs). The experiments were conducted in an ex situ flow field apparatus with 1 mm square channels at two distinct flow rates to mimic water production rates of 0.2 and 1.5 A/cm2 in a PEMFC. Synchrotron radiography, which involves high intensity monochromatic X-ray beams, was used to obtain images with a spatial and temporal resolution of 20–25 μm and 0.9 s, respectively. Freudenberg H2315 I6 exhibited significantly higher amounts of water than Toray TGP-H-090 at the instance of breakthrough, where breakthrough describes the event in which liquid water reaches the flow fields. While Freudenberg H2315 I6 exhibited a significant overall decrease in liquid water content throughout the GDL shortly after breakthrough, Toray TGP-H-090 appeared to retain breakthrough water-levels post-breakthrough. It was also observed that the amount of liquid water content in Toray TGP-H-090 (10%.wt PTFE) decreased significantly when the liquid water injection rate increased from 1 μL/min to 8 μL/min.

scholarly journals Revisiting Liquid Water Content Retrievals in Warm Stratified Clouds: The Modified Frisch

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (17) ◽  
pp. 9323-9330 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Küchler ◽  
S. Kneifel ◽  
P. Kollias ◽  
U. Löhnert
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Liquid Water Content
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document