Pyrolysis model development for a polymeric material containing multiple flame retardants: Relationship between heat release rate and material composition

Flame retardants modified asphalt with SBS flame retardant SMA hybrid material was prepared, flame retardant performances of SMA mixture was studied by the cone calorimeter. The results show that adding 12% flame retardant with SBS modified asphalt in preparation of flame retardant SMA mixture, the peak heat release rate values than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture decreased by 4.02 kW/m2, and the heat release rate values were significantly reduced, the total heat and the amount of smoke of flame retardant asphalt mixture released less than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture.

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Applying the FDS pyrolysis model to predict heat release rate in small-scale forced ventilation tunnel experiments

Fire Safety Journal ◽

10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102946 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 112 ◽

pp. 102946 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaoyun Wang ◽

Charles Fleischmann ◽

Michael Spearpoint

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Small Scale ◽

Forced Ventilation ◽

Pyrolysis Model

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Effective Biobased Phosphorus Flame Retardants from Starch-Derived bis-2,5-(Hydroxymethyl)Furan

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25030592 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 592 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bob A. Howell ◽

Xiaorui Han

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Heat Release ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Michael Addition ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Tetrabromobisphenol A ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Ul 94

A series of biobased phosphorus flame retardants has been prepared by converting starch-derived bis-2,5-(hydroxymethyl)furan to the corresponding diacrylate followed by Michael addition of phosphite to generate derivatives with phosphorus moieties attached via P–C bonds. All compounds behave as effective flame retardants in DGEBA epoxy resin. The most effective is the DOPO derivative, 2,5-di[(3-dopyl-propanoyl)methyl]furan. When incorporated into a DGEBA blend at a level to provide 2% phosphorus, a material displaying a LOI of 30, an UL 94 rating of V0 and a 40% reduction in combustion peak heat release rate compared to that for resin containing no additive is obtained. The analogous compounds generated from bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A exhibit similar flame-retarding properties.

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Characteristics of Heat Release Rate Predictions of Fire by a Fire Dynamics Simulator for Solid Combustible Materials

Fire science and engineering ◽

10.7731/kifse.7c07b15d ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 22-28

Author(s):

Dong-Gun Nam ◽

Ter-Ki Hong ◽

Myung-Ho Ryu ◽

Seul-Hyun Park

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Computational Analysis ◽

Fire Dynamics ◽

Fire Dynamics Simulator ◽

Pu Foam ◽

Pyrolysis Model ◽

Good Agreement ◽

Room Corner Test

The heat release rate (HRR) of fire for solid combustibles, consisting of multi-materials, was measured using the ISO 9705 room corner test, and a computational analysis was conducted to simulate the fire using an HRR prediction model that was provided by a fire dynamics simulator (FDS). As the solid combustible consisted of multi-materials, a cinema chair composed primarily of PU foam, PP, and steel was employed. The method for predicting the HRR provided by the FDS can be categorized into a simple model and a pyrolysis model. Because each model was applied and computational analysis was conducted under the same conditions, the HRR and fire growth rate predicted by the pyrolysis model had good agreement with the results obtained using the ISO 9705 room corner test.

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Heat Release Performance of the Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Insulation Foam

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.131 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 785-786 ◽

pp. 131-137

Author(s):

Ze Jiang Zhang ◽

Li Jun Li ◽

Feng Li ◽

Jin He ◽

Zi Qiong Gan

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Ignition Temperature ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Total Heat ◽

Antimony Trioxide ◽

Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽

Total Heat Release

Influence of different flame retardants on the heat release performance of the rigid polyurethane foam (RPF) was studied in this paper. It was found that adding antimony trioxide (ATT) in RPF, heat release rate of RPF was slightly reduced, total heat release was significantly decreased but peak of heat release temperature was decreased. Therefore, ATT was not an excellent flame retardant for RPF. When adding ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in RPF, total heat release of RPF was significantly decreased, ignition temperature was significantly improved and heat release rate was not changed. Melamine polyphosphate (MPOP) could quickly reduce total heat release of RPF so its flame retardant effect was the best. Nitrogen-based flame retardants could reduce peak of heat release rate of RPF. APP, MPOP and nitrogen-based flame retardants were all better flame retardants for RPF. Small amount of magnesium hydroxide (MH) could increase total heat release of RPF.

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Analysis of the Fire Behavior of Polymers (PP, PA 6 and PE-LD) and Their Improvement Using Various Flame Retardants

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13245756 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 5756

Author(s):

Dieter Hohenwarter ◽

Hannelore Mattausch ◽

Christopher Fischer ◽

Matthias Berger ◽

Bernd Haar

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Radiation Intensity ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Expandable Graphite ◽

Aging Effects

The fire behavior of polymers is examined primarily with the time-dependent heat release rate (HRR) measured with a cone calorimeter. The HRR is used to examine the fire behavior of materials with and without flame retardants, especially Polypropylene (PP-Copo) and Polyethylene (PE-LD). Polypropylene is stored for up to 99 days under normal conditions and the heat release rate shows especially changes about 100 s after irradiation with cone calorimeter, which may be caused by aging effects. The effect of crosslinking to the burning behavior of PP was examined too. Polyamides (PA 6) are irradiated with a radiation intensity of 25 kW/m2 to 95 kW/m2 and fire-related principles between radiation intensity and time to ignition can be derived from the measurement results. In order to comprehensively investigate the fire behavior of PP (also with flame retardant additives), the samples were also exposed to a flame, according to UL 94 with small power (50 W) and is inflamed with the power of a few 100 W. The irradiation causes different trigger mechanisms for the flame retardant additives in a plastic than the flame exposure. It is shown that the compound, which is favorable for irradiation, is not necessarily good for flame exposure. It can be seen that expandable graphite alone or with the addition of other additives is a very effective flame retardant for PP.

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