scholarly journals Analysis of the Fire Behavior of Polymers (PP, PA 6 and PE-LD) and Their Improvement Using Various Flame Retardants

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5756
Author(s):  
Dieter Hohenwarter ◽  
Hannelore Mattausch ◽  
Christopher Fischer ◽  
Matthias Berger ◽  
Bernd Haar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Aging Effects

The fire behavior of polymers is examined primarily with the time-dependent heat release rate (HRR) measured with a cone calorimeter. The HRR is used to examine the fire behavior of materials with and without flame retardants, especially Polypropylene (PP-Copo) and Polyethylene (PE-LD). Polypropylene is stored for up to 99 days under normal conditions and the heat release rate shows especially changes about 100 s after irradiation with cone calorimeter, which may be caused by aging effects. The effect of crosslinking to the burning behavior of PP was examined too. Polyamides (PA 6) are irradiated with a radiation intensity of 25 kW/m2 to 95 kW/m2 and fire-related principles between radiation intensity and time to ignition can be derived from the measurement results. In order to comprehensively investigate the fire behavior of PP (also with flame retardant additives), the samples were also exposed to a flame, according to UL 94 with small power (50 W) and is inflamed with the power of a few 100 W. The irradiation causes different trigger mechanisms for the flame retardant additives in a plastic than the flame exposure. It is shown that the compound, which is favorable for irradiation, is not necessarily good for flame exposure. It can be seen that expandable graphite alone or with the addition of other additives is a very effective flame retardant for PP.

Study on Flame-Retardant Properties of Flame Retardant Asphalt Mixture

2013 ◽  
Vol 438-439 ◽  
pp. 387-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Liang Liu ◽  
Yi Zhong Yan ◽  
Yun Yong Huang ◽  
Jia Liang Yao ◽  
Jian Bo Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Modified Asphalt ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Sbs Modified Asphalt

Flame retardants modified asphalt with SBS flame retardant SMA hybrid material was prepared, flame retardant performances of SMA mixture was studied by the cone calorimeter. The results show that adding 12% flame retardant with SBS modified asphalt in preparation of flame retardant SMA mixture, the peak heat release rate values than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture decreased by 4.02 kW/m2, and the heat release rate values were significantly reduced, the total heat and the amount of smoke of flame retardant asphalt mixture released less than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture.

Flame Retardation of Natural Bamboo Fiber/ Polypropylene Fiber Non-Woven Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 105-107 ◽  
pp. 1723-1726
Author(s):  
Wei Ma ◽  
Wen Bin Yao
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Polypropylene Fiber ◽  
Bamboo Fiber ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Natural Bamboo Fiber ◽  
Flame Retardation

According to Natural Bamboo Fiber/ Polypropylene fiber(PP) non-woven materials encountered the problem that its flame retardation is insufficient, this paper tried to add flame retardant to improve its performance, then the cone calorimeter was used to evaluate its flammability. The results show that Peak-Heat Release Rate and Smoke Release Rate etc significantly improved. In accordance with the UL94 ,the flame retardation meet the level V-0 , consistent with the requirements of enterprise.

scholarly journals Effects of an Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Containing Allyl Benzoxazine and POSS on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benben Liu ◽  
Huiling Wang ◽  
Xiaoyan Guo ◽  
Rongjie Yang ◽  
Xiangmei Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Inorganic Hybrid ◽  
X Ray

A novel organic-inorganic hybrid containing allyl benzoxazine and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was synthesized by the thiol-ene (click) reaction. The benzoxazine (BOZ)-containing POSS (SPOSS-BOZ) copolymerized with benzoxazine/epoxy resin was used to prepare composites of SPOSS-PBZ-E nanocomposites(NPs). The polymerization behavior was monitored by FTIR and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which showed that the composites had completely cured with multiple polymerization mechanisms according to the oxazine ring-opening and epoxy resin (EP) polymerization. The thermal properties of the organic–inorganic polybenzoxazine (PBZ) nanocomposites were analyzed by DSC and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction analysis and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the SPOSS-PBZ-E nanocomposites indicated that SPOSS was chemically incorporated into the hybrid nanocomposites in the size range of 80–200 nm. The flame retardancy of the benzoxazine epoxy resin composites was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 vertical burn test, and cone calorimeter tests. When the amount of SPOSS reached 10% or more, the vertical burning rating of the curing system arrived at V-1, and when the SPOSS-BOZ content reached 20 wt %, the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the material were both improved. Moreover, in the cone calorimeter testing, the addition of SPOSS-BOZ hindered the decomposition of the composites and led to a reduction in the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the average heat release rate (aHRR), and the total heat release (THR) values by about 20%, 25%, and 25%, respectively. The morphologies of the chars were also studied by SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and the flame-retardant mechanism of POSS was mainly a condensed-phase flame retardant. The ceramic layer was formed by the enrichment of silicon on the char surface. When there are enough POSS nanoparticles, it can effectively protect the combustion of internal polymers.

Heat Release Performance of the Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Insulation Foam

2013 ◽  
Vol 785-786 ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Ze Jiang Zhang ◽  
Li Jun Li ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Zi Qiong Gan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Ignition Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Total Heat Release

Influence of different flame retardants on the heat release performance of the rigid polyurethane foam (RPF) was studied in this paper. It was found that adding antimony trioxide (ATT) in RPF, heat release rate of RPF was slightly reduced, total heat release was significantly decreased but peak of heat release temperature was decreased. Therefore, ATT was not an excellent flame retardant for RPF. When adding ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in RPF, total heat release of RPF was significantly decreased, ignition temperature was significantly improved and heat release rate was not changed. Melamine polyphosphate (MPOP) could quickly reduce total heat release of RPF so its flame retardant effect was the best. Nitrogen-based flame retardants could reduce peak of heat release rate of RPF. APP, MPOP and nitrogen-based flame retardants were all better flame retardants for RPF. Small amount of magnesium hydroxide (MH) could increase total heat release of RPF.

Synthesis of a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Yang ◽  
Yefa Hu ◽  
Qiaoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

In this article, a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant (DOPO-T) was successfully synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and cyanuric chloride. The chemical structure of DOPO-T was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and phosphorous-31 NMR, and elemental analysis. DOPO-T was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins. Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of the cured epoxy resins were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that the glass transition temperature ( Tg) and temperature at 5% weight loss of epoxy resin (EP)/DOPO-T thermosets were gradually decreased with the increasing content of DOPO-T. DOPO-T catalyzed the decomposition of EP matrix in advance. The flame-retardant performance of EP thermosets was significantly enhanced with the addition of DOPO-T. EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample had an LOI value of 36.2% and achieved UL94 V-1 rating. In addition, the average of heat release rate, peak of heat release rate, average of effective heat of combustion, and total heat release (THR) of EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample were decreased by 32%, 48%, 23%, and 31%, respectively, compared with the neat EP sample. Impressively, EP/DOPO-T thermosets acquired excellent flame retardancy under low loading of flame retardant.

A Comparison of the Behaviour of Spruce Wood and Polyolefins during the Test on the Cone Calorimeter

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4280-4287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Martinka ◽  
Emília Hroncová ◽  
Tomáš Chrebet ◽  
Karol Balog
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Average Heat ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Spruce Wood

This article deals with comparison of the behaviour of spruce wood and polyolefins (polyethylene PE and polypropylene PP) during the test on the cone calorimeter. Samples were tested on the cone calorimeter at heat flux of 20 and 40 kW/m2. An evaluation of the behaviour of examined materials was based on the determination of the maximum and the average heat release rate, yield of carbon monoxide (CO), and relative comparison of tendency to fire propagation in a flashover phase. The tendency of materials to fire propagation in the flashover phase was evaluated based on the Pearson ́s correlation, the Spearman ́s correlation and the Kendall ́s correlation coefficient of HRR-CO and CO2-CO. Spruce wood showed better properties in comparison with PE and PP in all evaluated parameters (the maximum and the average heat release rate, the yield of CO, and also the resistance to fire propagation in the flashover phase. Additionally, spruce wood showed significantly lower sensitivity of dependence of the maximum and also the average heat release rate on external heat flux.

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