Mechanically-compensated bending-strain measurement of multilayered paper-like electronics via surface-mounted sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 277 ◽  
pp. 114652
Author(s):  
Furong Chen ◽  
Chao Hou ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Chen Zhu ◽  
Lin Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Bending Strain

Understanding Pipeline Strain Conditions: Case Studies Between ILI Axial and ILI Bending Measurement Techniques

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremie J. Choquette ◽  
Sylvain Cornu ◽  
Mohamed ElSeify ◽  
Raymond Karé
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Strain History ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
History Effects ◽  
Bending Strain

In-Line inspection (ILI) tools consisting of combined sensor technologies provide a unique opportunity for operators to understand the conditions of pipelines. There is also an additional opportunity to contrast and validate individual sensing techniques against each other when their functionalities and purposes overlap. By using multi-technologies ILI measurements for strain, a pipeline operator can gain further insight into the pipeline strain behavior at any point along the length of the inspection. This paper establishes the relationship between ILI axial strain measurement tool data and conventional geometric strain data obtained from inertial measurement unit (IMU) based on data collected during in-service inspection of a 12″ liquid pipeline. Within any pipeline section, the tool configuration with circumferentially spaced strain sensors allows the use of appropriate analysis techniques to decompose the longitudinal strain into its primary components (axial, bending and out of roundness). The axial strain measurement tool sensing system provides an indirect measurement of bending strain that can be compared to the geometric measurement of bending strain determined from the pipeline trajectory as determined from the IMU analysis. Flexural bending strain resulting from horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is investigated in this paper. Convergences and divergences between the measurement techniques are presented. Data available from different strain technologies mounted on ILI tools offers an opportunity to conduct a comparative study and to provide a better understanding of a pipeline’s strain condition. This paper will present the framework for understanding the different strain measurement technologies and an investigation into the pipeline prior strain history (effects from fabrication, hydrostatic testing and external loads) and their corresponding impact on the material state at the time of inspection.

scholarly journals A novel algorithm for pipeline displacement and bending strain of in-line inspection based on inertia measurement technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 168781401881675
Author(s):  
Shucong Liu ◽  
Dezhi Zheng ◽  
Tianhao Wang ◽  
Mengxi Dai ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
Spline Interpolation ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
Filtering Algorithm ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Bending Strain

The in-line inspection tool with Inertial Measurement Unit tool is becoming a routine and important practice for many pipeline companies and is effective for whole-line bending strain measurement. However, the measurements of Inertial Measurement Unit tool are always affected by noises and errors, which are caused by inherent inaccuracies and deficiencies of the experimental techniques and measuring devices. For the calculations of the bending strain, the results are very sensitive to the noises and errors. A filtering algorithm based on cubic spline interpolation was proposed for Inertial Measurement Unit data processing to eliminate noises and errors for bending strain, and the effectiveness is validated through the pipeline field test. The results showed that the average pipeline displacement deviation declined 13.82% in the three tests, and the bending strain error reduced from 0.037% to 0.014%. The proposed method effectively improves the inspection accuracy and provides an effective method for pipeline displacement and strain inspection, which ensures the safe operation of the pipeline.

Measurement of Internal Strain in Materials Using High Energy White X-Ray at SPring-8

2008 ◽  
Vol 571-572 ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junichi Shibano ◽  
Takahisa Shobu ◽  
Kenji Suzuki ◽  
Koji Kiriyama ◽  
Kentaro Kajiwara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Strain Distribution ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Internal Strain ◽  
High Tensile Strength ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bending Strain ◽  
High Degree

This paper presents a basic research on a measurement of strain in the bulk of materials by using high energy white X-ray from a synchrotron radiation source of SPring-8 in Japan. A high-tensile strength steel (JIS-SHY685) was used as a specimen loaded with bending. Strain distribution in it was evaluated by the energy dispersive method using diffracted X-ray transmitted through the specimen. As a result, the internal strain of high-tensile steel of 5, 10 and 15 mm thickness could be evaluated using white X-ray which range of energy from 50 keV to 150 keV. The measurement with a high degree of accuracy was accomplished using α-Fe321 diffraction in this material. The results showed that the internal strain measurement in the depth of the order of millimeter using the high energy white X-ray is practicable at SPring-8.

Pipeline Stress Relief and Evaluation of Strain Measurement Technology at a Moving Slope

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Dinovitzer ◽  
Abdelfettah Fredj ◽  
Millan Sen
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Stress Relief ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Bending Strain ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right

A major slope in southern Manitoba has been experiencing deep seated movements of approximately 60mm per year. This 24m high × 85m long slope contains a pipeline right of way with five large diameter crude oil lines that were constructed from 1950–1998. It is estimated that the slope has moved up to 3 meters since the pipeline installations. Management of the effects of this slope movement on the pipelines has involved cross-functional strategies that include geotechnical, integrity, and stress evaluations. A finite element analysis (FEA), which considers the interaction between the soil movement and pipeline, was generated to evaluate the pipeline stresses caused by the slope movements to date. The results indicated that the strain capacity on one of the pipelines may be near its limit. Correspondingly and in order to be conservative, a stress relief was conducted on three of the pipelines within the right-of-way. This mitigation involved excavating the pipelines 360 degrees which allowed for their decoupling from the surrounding soil, and the associated pipeline spring back was surveyed. Prior to backfilling, a low friction geotextile was installed around the excavated pipelines to help mitigate future movements. Drainage improvements and a toe berm were also installed to improve the slope stability. Several strain measurement technologies that have been the subject of previous Pipeline Research Council projects were also installed at the site. Stress probe measurements were taken before and after the stress relief; a fiber optic cable was installed; inline inspection bending strain measurements were analyzed; and the FEA analysis was used to model the strains before and after the stress relief. All of these technologies are compared to the measurements from strain gauges that were read both before and after the stress reliefs were conducted.

Strain measurement by means of bend contour microscopy

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
Philip D. Hren
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Large Angle ◽  
Single Crystal Silicon ◽  
Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction ◽  
Zone Axis ◽  
Silicon Membrane ◽  
Crystal Silicon ◽  
Contour Pattern ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Low Symmetry

The pattern of bend contours which appear in the TEM image of a bent or curled sample indicates the shape into which the specimen is bent. Several authors have characterized the shape of their bent foils by this method, most recently I. Bolotov, as well as G. Möllenstedt and O. Rang in the early 1950’s. However, the samples they considered were viewed at orientations away from a zone axis, or at zone axes of low symmetry, so that dynamical interactions between the bend contours did not occur. Their calculations were thus based on purely geometric arguments. In this paper bend contours are used to measure deflections of a single-crystal silicon membrane at the (111) zone axis, where there are strong dynamical effects. Features in the bend contour pattern are identified and associated with a particular angle of bending of the membrane by reference to large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) patterns.

SYNTHESIS OF ELEMENTS OF LOAD-BEARING SYSTEMS WITH A GIVEN LEVEL OF RELIABILITY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.P. Manshin ◽  
◽  
E.Yu. Manshina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Design Element ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Cyclic Bending ◽  
Bending Stresses

The article considers an algorithm for analyzing the results of field strain-measurement studies of machine structures, which allows obtaining data for the modernization of elements in the form of coefficients of parameter changes. As the object of application of the method, the design element of the header was selected, which had failures due to insufficient endurance under cyclic bending stresses.

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