scholarly journals The spatial specificity of sensory attenuation for self-touch

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 103135
Author(s):  
Franziska Knoetsch ◽  
Eckart Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Attenuation ◽  
Spatial Specificity

Noninvasive high-resolution electromyometrial imaging of uterine contractions in a translational sheep model

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (483) ◽  
pp. eaau1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Wu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Peinan Zhao ◽  
Michael Talcott ◽  
Shengsheng Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Electrical Activation ◽  
Current Clinical Practice ◽  
Sheep Model ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Spatial Specificity ◽  
Uterine Electrical Activity ◽  
Pressure Catheter

In current clinical practice, uterine contractions are monitored via a tocodynamometer or an intrauterine pressure catheter, both of which provide crude information about contractions. Although electrohysterography/electromyography can measure uterine electrical activity, this method lacks spatial specificity and thus cannot accurately measure the exact location of electrical initiation and location-specific propagation patterns of uterine contractions. To comprehensively evaluate three-dimensional uterine electrical activation patterns, we describe here the development of electromyometrial imaging (EMMI) to display the three-dimensional uterine contractions at high spatial and temporal resolution. EMMI combines detailed body surface electrical recording with body-uterus geometry derived from magnetic resonance images. We used a sheep model to show that EMMI can reconstruct uterine electrical activation patterns from electrodes placed on the abdomen. These patterns closely match those measured with electrodes placed directly on the uterine surface. In addition, modeling experiments showed that EMMI reconstructions are minimally affected by noise and geometrical deformation. Last, we show that EMMI can be used to noninvasively measure uterine contractions in sheep in the same setup as would be used in humans. Our results indicate that EMMI can noninvasively, safely, accurately, robustly, and feasibly image three-dimensional uterine electrical activation during contractions in sheep and suggest that similar results might be obtained in clinical setting.

Encoding of graded changes in spatial specificity of prior cues in human visual cortex

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 2834-2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Hara ◽  
Justin L. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Prior Information ◽  
Prior Probability ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Response Magnitude ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Contrast Discrimination ◽  
Spatial Specificity

Prior information about the relevance of spatial locations can vary in specificity; a single location, a subset of locations, or all locations may be of potential importance. Using a contrast-discrimination task with four possible targets, we asked whether performance benefits are graded with the spatial specificity of a prior cue and whether we could quantitatively account for behavioral performance with cortical activity changes measured by blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) imaging. Thus we changed the prior probability that each location contained the target from 100 to 50 to 25% by cueing in advance 1, 2, or 4 of the possible locations. We found that behavioral performance (discrimination thresholds) improved in a graded fashion with spatial specificity. However, concurrently measured cortical responses from retinotopically defined visual areas were not strictly graded; response magnitude decreased when all 4 locations were cued (25% prior probability) relative to the 100 and 50% prior probability conditions, but no significant difference in response magnitude was found between the 100 and 50% prior probability conditions for either cued or uncued locations. Also, although cueing locations increased responses relative to noncueing, this cue sensitivity was not graded with prior probability. Furthermore, contrast sensitivity of cortical responses, which could improve contrast discrimination performance, was not graded. Instead, an efficient-selection model showed that even if sensory responses do not strictly scale with prior probability, selection of sensory responses by weighting larger responses more can result in graded behavioral performance benefits with increasing spatial specificity of prior information.

Photocontrolling Microtubule Dynamics with Photoswitchable Chemical Reagents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Thorn-Seshold ◽  
Joyce Meiring
Keyword(s):  
3D Culture ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Microtubule Dynamics ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Cellular Assays ◽  
General Protein ◽  
Spatial Specificity

Microtubule dynamics can be inhibited with sub-second temporal resolution and cellular-scale spatial resolution, by using precise illuminations to optically pattern where and when photoswitchable microtubule-inhibiting chemical reagents exert their latent bioactivity. The recently-available reagents (SBTub, PST, STEpo, AzTax, PHTub) now enable researchers to use light to reversibly modulate microtubule-dependent processes in eukaryotes, in 2D and 3D cell culture as well as in vivo, across a variety of model organisms: with applications in fields from cargo transport to cell migration, cell division, and embryonic development.<br><br>However, a wide knowledge gap has remained in the literature, which has blocked further translation of these and many other classes of photopharmaceuticals. No generally-applicable procedures or workflows to establish biological assays using photopharmaceuticals have been published. Accordingly, the rate of adoption of photopharmaceutical tools in the broader chemical biology community (beyond the original chemical developers of the tools) has remained very low. Vital information about assay benchmarking for photoconversion, testing for isomer solubility, proving the retention of mechanism of action, estimating the limits of phototoxicity etc has either simply not been formalised in the literature, or has remained buried in diverse reports without being unified and codified for an audience beyond that of synthetic organic chemists.<br><br>Here we have developed a robust four-step assay establishment procedure to optimise assay parameters for achieving reliable photocontrol over microtubule dynamics, that is applicable to diverse families of photoswitchable inhibitors. This procedure also controls for these common sources of irreproducibility and includes numerous troubleshooting steps. We also collect together the relevant information for non-chemist "users" such as microscopists and biologists, to introduce the theory of small molecule photoswitching; the unique features, usage requirements, and limitations that photoswitchable chemical reagents have; and the specific performance features of the major classes of photoswitchable microtubule inhibitors that are currently available; to highlight their properties that suit them to different applications. The generally-applicable workflows that we present allow establishing cellular assays optically controlling microtubule dynamics in a temporally reversible fashion with spatial specificity down to a single selected cell within a field of view. These workflows and methods also equip the reader to tackle advanced uses of photoswitchable chemical reagents for general protein targets, in 3D culture and in vivo, and can represent an important bridge to reach the high-value biological applications that photopharmacology can promise.<br>

Design, Development and Functionality of a Haptic Force-Matching Device for Measuring Sensory Attenuation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David McNaughton ◽  
Carlos Bacigalupo ◽  
Alicia Georghiades ◽  
Alissa Beath ◽  
Julia Hush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Development ◽  
Force Matching ◽  
Sensory Attenuation

scholarly journals Comparing intensities and modalities within the sensory attenuation paradigm: Preliminary evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalila Burin ◽  
Alvise Battaglini ◽  
Lorenzo Pia ◽  
Giusy Falvo ◽  
Mattia Palombella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Sensory Attenuation

scholarly journals S155. SENSORY ATTENUATION DURING AUDITORY PROCESSING IN PARTICIPANTS AT CLINICAL-HIGH RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS: EVIDENCE FROM MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S385-S386
Author(s):  
Lingling Hua ◽  
Marc Recasens ◽  
Tineke Grent-’t-Jong ◽  
Emmi Mikanmaa ◽  
Hanna Thuné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Clinical High Risk ◽  
Sensory Attenuation

scholarly journals Automated Biomarker Candidate Discovery in Imaging Mass Spectrometry Data Through Spatially Localized Shapley Additive Explanations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonoor E.M. Tideman ◽  
Lukasz G. Migas ◽  
Katerina V. Djambazova ◽  
Nathan Heath Patterson ◽  
Richard M. Caprioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Data ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Spatial Specificity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry Data

AbstractThe search for molecular species that are differentially expressed between biological states is an important step towards discovering promising biomarker candidates. In imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), performing this search manually is often impractical due to the large size and high-dimensionality of IMS datasets. Instead, we propose an interpretable machine learning workflow that automatically identifies biomarker candidates by their mass-to-charge ratios, and that quantitatively estimates their relevance to recognizing a given biological class using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). The task of biomarker candidate discovery is translated into a feature ranking problem: given a classification model that assigns pixels to different biological classes on the basis of their mass spectra, the molecular species that the model uses as features are ranked in descending order of relative predictive importance such that the top-ranking features have a higher likelihood of being useful biomarkers. Besides providing the user with an experiment-wide measure of a molecular species’ biomarker potential, our workflow delivers spatially localized explanations of the classification model’s decision-making process in the form of a novel representation called SHAP maps. SHAP maps deliver insight into the spatial specificity of biomarker candidates by highlighting in which regions of the tissue sample each feature provides discriminative information and in which regions it does not. SHAP maps also enable one to determine whether the relationship between a biomarker candidate and a biological state of interest is correlative or anticorrelative. Our automated approach to estimating a molecular species’ potential for characterizing a user-provided biological class, combined with the untargeted and multiplexed nature of IMS, allows for the rapid screening of thousands of molecular species and the obtention of a broader biomarker candidate shortlist than would be possible through targeted manual assessment. Our biomarker candidate discovery workflow is demonstrated on mouse-pup and rat kidney case studies.HighlightsOur workflow automates the discovery of biomarker candidates in imaging mass spectrometry data by using state-of-the-art machine learning methodology to produce a shortlist of molecular species that are differentially expressed with regards to a user-provided biological class.A model interpretability method called Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), with observational Shapley values, enables us to quantify the local and global predictive importance of molecular species with respect to recognizing a user-provided biological class.By providing spatially localized explanations for a classification model’s decision-making process, SHAP maps deliver insight into the spatial specificity of biomarker candidates and enable one to determine whether (and where) the relationship between a biomarker candidate and the class of interest is correlative or anticorrelative.

scholarly journals Sensory Attenuation in the Auditory Modality as a Window Into Predictive Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Kiepe ◽  
Nils Kraus ◽  
Guido Hesselmann
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Auditory Input ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sensory Attenuation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Predictive Mechanisms

Self-generated auditory input is perceived less loudly than the same sounds generated externally. The existence of this phenomenon, called Sensory Attenuation (SA), has been studied for decades and is often explained by motor-based forward models. Recent developments in the research of SA, however, challenge these models. We review the current state of knowledge regarding theoretical implications about the significance of Sensory Attenuation and its role in human behavior and functioning. Focusing on behavioral and electrophysiological results in the auditory domain, we provide an overview of the characteristics and limitations of existing SA paradigms and highlight the problem of isolating SA from other predictive mechanisms. Finally, we explore different hypotheses attempting to explain heterogeneous empirical findings, and the impact of the Predictive Coding Framework in this research area.

scholarly journals SANITARY CONDITION OF PICEA ABIES (L. ) KARST. YOUNG FOREST STANDS DEPENDING ON THE SPATIAL SPECIFICITY

AGROFOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena RUBA ◽  
Olga MIEZITE ◽  
Imants LIEPA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
Young Forest ◽  
Young Forests ◽  
Spatial Specificity ◽  
Sanitary State

As a result of nature resources intensive use, most of ecosystems have beenconverted. Anthropogenic impact includes changes of forest stands structure andtheir spatial specificity in the forest area. Accordingly the sanitary state of Norwayspruce young forest stands can be affected by different risk impact factors ofmanagement. The aim of the research was to analyze the spruce Picea abies (L. )Karst. young forest stands sanitary condition depending on forest plots spatialspecificity and location in the forest areas. The data were collected in 4 regions ofLatvia in spruce young forest stands (1 - 40 years old). The research was conductedin young natural and artificial stands (pure – 44, mixed – 42). In total 502 sampleplots with a total area of 28250 mwere installed. The particular plot size (25, 50,100 and 200 m) were selected depending on the stand average tree height, whiletheir number depended on the forest stand area. A total area of investigated foreststands were 127. 5 hectares. Results showed that the expression of spatial specificsdepended on risk factors and their intensity, as well as the environmentalcharacteristics. Damages caused by abiotic risk factors at different forest standswere not the same regarding intensity, nature and volume, but more or less closelywere related to all site conditions. Spatial specificity of forest stands area (regularand irregular), as well as their location in the forest massif significantly affects thespruce young forests sanitary status (respectively p=0. 027 and p=0. 002). Differentrisk factors damage to forests, bordering with spruce or pine young growths,cutovers and various types of infrastructure, were identified as much moreimportant.

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