Practical approaches to determining the dynamics of the stability of stands of breeding objects

The article analyzes the indicators that can be used to assess the biotic and ecological stability of forest stands. For breeding facilities, this issue is of relevance when prescribing reforestation measures in forest genetic reserves, assessing the stability when selecting plus stands, assessing selected permanent forest-seed plots to determine the volumes of their formation and tending activities in them and, in the future, their transfer to plus stands, as well as, in general, for isolation of a reserve fund from the forest environment. The methods for assessing the stability of forest stands are based on determining the indicators of forest stand stability, calculated on the basis of tree mensuration in the study area (based on a trial plot) and the sanitary state of the trees. The basis for the determination is the complete tree enumeration and the scale of sanitary state used in production operations (SanitaryForestsReg.Ukraine). The assessment of stand stability is based on the method of calculating the loss of stability (BC)), which was proposed to determine the stability of secondary spruce forests in fertile beech forest types (BlystivV. I. 2006) and later adapted to assess the formation of the stability of hornbeam-beech stands (Blystiv V. I., 2012). The issue of assessing the tension of a stand, using the growing space of the forest is addressed in the methods section of the dissertation work by V.M.Malyuga, 2020. Using the values of the above indicators (KC, ВбС, ВеС), stands can be divided into 3 categories of stability: stable, conditionally stable and unstable. Appropriate forestry activities are proposed according to the categories. They require a special numeric-expressed substantiation, both in relation to the economic group of forest types, forest category, and for targeted activities or research areas - in this case, loss of stability of breeding facilities. Tension studies have shown that by using factors of environmental impact, the conditions are assessed as normal, non-tensioned and tensioned. To assess the indicator values of normal and weakened states, the basic scale of the assessment of biotic stability by stand indexes will be used. For the weakened state, three indexes are identified for the purpose of detailed planning of possible activities. In forest breeding, the selection and formation of forest stands for stability will require parameter-defined indicators, in this case, the forest stand stability coefficient is used. The protective properties of the forest environment, identified with the preservation of genetic diversity, determined by the amount and quality of natural regeneration and associated with ecological stability, can be effectively assessed by its loss according to the above method. The studies on the stand tension, using the factors of environmental impact, have shown that stands growing under tension are those that are somewhat overstocked ones. Pine stands grow optimally when they have a density range of 0.7-1.0. The rest of the stands grow without tension, but they do not make full use of growing space due to varying degrees of stand density. Such medium-stocked stands can be effectively used as selected and appropriately formed permanent forest-seed plots. Assessment of the stand state by impact factors makes it possible to record quantitative changes. The dynamics of areas in accordance with the changes of these indicators by periods characterizes the ecosystem changes (stages of development by successive process) and is important for the facilities of preservation of genetic diversity - especially forest genetic reserves.

State and prospects of age-old trees in the dendroflora collection of the Botanical Garden of UNFU

Aim. The aim of the article is the following: to analyze the historical materials on the creation of the Botanical Garden arboretum; to investigate the age structure of the dendroflora collection; to study the taxonomic composition, biometric indicators, the sanitary condition of the age-old trees, and their significance in cultural phytocoenoses. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the materials of inventory of woody and shrub plants of the arboretum and literary sources related to the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the dendroflora collection. Results. Arboretum of the Botanical Garden of Ukrainian National Forestry University is one of the oldest dendrological collections in Lviv. The collection includes 28 age-old trees. Their age exceeds 100 years, biometric indicators are significant, and sanitary state, both for a specified age and taking into account urbogenic growth conditions, is good or satisfactory. Some age-old trees (black walnut, katsura-tree, American witch-hazel) are the oldest species in the West of Ukraine and have the largest biometric indicators. Conclusions. The arboretum of the Botanical Garden of UNFU is a unique heritage of garden and park art of the XIX century. The historical composition of the dendroflora is partially preserved. Among the age-old trees, there are both autochtonic and introduced species. Trees are in a good sanitary state. They are an integral part of the formed phytocoenosis. As an object of observation, they can be used for further research of potential ecological and biological capabilities of species in an urbogenic environment.

Dynamics of satisfaction of young people in Kazan with the quality of the urban environment

В статье на основании авторских эмпирических исследований, проведенных в 2017 г. и 2021 г., рассматривается динамика удовлетворенности молодежи г. Казани экологическими и социальными аспектами качества городской среды. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что экологическая обстановка и состояние городской инфраструктуры сохраняют для молодого поколения свою значимость. При сохранении позитивных тенденций относительно большинства показателей, характеризующих экологическую ситуацию, выявлено снижение доли удовлетворенных состоянием водных объектов и санитарным состоянием города. Что касается городской инфраструктуры, то выявлено снижение удовлетворенности ее общим состоянием, а также такими составляющими как количество организованных автостоянок и количество спортивных объектов. Кроме того, в работе анализируются факторы, определяющие привлекательность для молодежи районов города, и выделяются наиболее важные мероприятия, направленные на улучшение качества городской среды. Based on the author's empirical research carried out in 2017 and 2021, the article examines the dynamics of satisfaction of young people in Kazan with the ecological and social aspects of the quality of the urban environment. The data obtained indicate that the ecological situation and the state of the urban infrastructure retain their importance for the younger generation. While maintaining positive trends in relation to most of the indicators characterizing the ecological situation, a decrease in the share of those satisfied with the state of water bodies and the sanitary state of the city was revealed. As for the state of the urban infrastructure, a decrease in satisfaction with its general state, as well as with such components as the number of organized parking lots and the number of sports facilities, was revealed. The work also analyzes the factors that determine the attractiveness of city districts for young people and highlights the most important measures aimed at improving the quality of the urban environment.

Forest pathology studies of transboundary territories in Asian Russia

A number of cross-border national parks have been established in the border areas of Russia. On the basis of the studies carried out, it is possible to outline a number of current forest pathology challenges facing the national parks. A full picture of sanitary state of the forest can only be obtained by detailed special surveys. It is necessary to organise monitoring of insects and phytopathogenic fungi on permanent touristic routs and model sites. When determining the situation with forest pathology in a vast region, a systematic approach is required. It includes a consistent study of the composition of pathogens, the selection among them of species causing epiphytotics, identification of their biological and ecological characteristics, assessment of the ecological and economic significance, a study of factors that increase the harmfulness. This makes it possible to determine the range of pathogens to be monitored, to identify forest areas with the highest probability of disease outbreak.

The structure in diameter and sanitary condition of geographical cultures of Scots pine

The study of geographical forest cultures is the scientific basis for forest-seed zoning and selection of tree species. This research identifies the structural features of the diameter of middle-aged stands of different ecotypes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in geographic cultures, as an assessment of its current sanitary state. We studied the stands of 18 forest-steppe and 14 steppe ecotypes. We laid test areas with measuring the diameters of trees with a measuring fork at a height of 1.3 m. Trees with a continuous count were divided into six categories of sanitary status: no signs of weakening, weakened, strongly weakened, shrinking, fresh dead wood and dead wood of past years. Based on the results of continuous recounts, the distribution rows of trees were constructed according to 2- and 4-cm thickness steps. In forest-steppe ecotypes, the distribution of trees along 2-and 4-centimeter-thick steps is single-vertex, but with right asymmetry. The distribution of trees of steppe ecotypes over 2-cm steps of thickness is asymmetric and two-peaked. The distribution of trees of steppe ecotypes by 2-cm thickness steps is asymmetric and two-vertex. The average score of the sanitary state of stands of forest-steppe ecotypes is 1.5 (healthy), in steppe – 1.7 (weakened).

Microbiota of the aquatic environment and rainbow trout when grown in the RAS

Fish production in closed systems is an intensive way of fish farming. However, keeping fish in plants with a closed water supply does not solve the problem of diseases in aquaculture facilities. The greatest damage is caused by bacterial diseases. In this regard, the study of the sanitary state of the aquatic environment of fish is relevant. The article provides information on the physicochemical parameters of water, the species composition of the microflora of the aquatic environment in the basin, microbiological indicators of the sanitary state of water, the total microbial count (TMC) and the number of bacteria of the E. coli group (BCGC) in the RAS when growing rainbow trout. Sanitary indicators of water quality in the pool, both in the first days of keeping rainbow trout, and after a week were within the normal range. There was only a numerical increase in the total microbial number and bacteria of the E. coli group in water samples taken after a week of finding the trout in the pools. According to the results of a study of the contamination of the skin and gills of rainbow trout, as well as the water in which it is contained, an increase in time was revealed from 69 to 73 CFU/ml on the skin and from 85 to 89 CFU/ml on the gills within a week. The qualitative composition of the microflora of the skin and gills of rainbow trout is represented by bacteria of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, which is similar to the qualitative composition of the microflora of water. The study of the intestinal microflora of rainbow trout revealed that it also contains bacteria of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter. At the same time, lactic acid, streptococcal, staphylococcal bacteria, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida were found, which are normal representatives of the intestinal microflora in small quantities.

Combating Industrial Pollution in the Russian Empire: Legal Context (1800—1917)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the Russian pre-revolutionary legislation regulating the control over industrial pollution of the environment. The early Russian sanitary legislation and features of its development in the XIX — early XX centuries are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the positions of various social groups on the issues of state and public control over the sanitary state of industrial enterprises. It is shown that the first norms prohibiting water and air pollution appeared already at the beginning of the 19th century. The author notes that although they did not contain clear criteria and measures for eliminating pollution, this was typical of many European countries during the study period. As the range of studied sources and literature shows, active work on the development of comprehensive measures against industrial pollution began in the 1890s and continued until the revolution: it did not bring practical results in the legal field, but contributed to a significant deepening of scientific understanding of the environment. The author concludes that, despite the revolutionary events of 1917, the pre-revolutionary experience in combating environmental pollution had a significant impact on the development of Soviet environmental policy.

Sanitary and Epidemiological Portrait of the Medieval City

The work shows that the medieval Western European city was characterized by an extremely low sanitary condition, manifested in the absence of a sewerage system and water supply, in the absence of street paving, unsanitary conditions of houses and streets. The extremely low level of personal hygiene of the inhabitants of the medieval city, a high level of infant mortality, widespread alcoholism, and low life expectancy are shown. It was found that one of the leading reasons for the low sanitary state of medieval cities and the level of personal hygiene was the unbiblical teaching of the medieval church about the immortality of the soul, according to which the flesh needed constant mortification and neglect, and caring for it and the comfort of dwellings was considered a mortal sin.