scholarly journals The role of the insula in the generation of motor tics and the experience of the premonitory urge-to-tic in Tourette syndrome

Cortex ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 119-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Jackson ◽  
Joanna Loayza ◽  
Mira Crighton ◽  
Hilmar P. Sigurdsson ◽  
Katherine Dyke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Motor Tics ◽  
Premonitory Urge

scholarly journals The role of the cingulate cortex in the generation of motor tics and the experience of the premonitory urge‐to‐tic in Tourette syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Jackson ◽  
Hilmar P. Sigurdsson ◽  
Katherine Dyke ◽  
Maria Condon ◽  
Georgina M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Motor Tics ◽  
Premonitory Urge

Controversies Surrounding the Pathophysiology of Tics

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (13) ◽  
pp. 851-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey S. Singer ◽  
Farhan Augustine
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Motor Movements ◽  
Premonitory Urge ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Tics are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movements or vocalizations (phonic productions) that are commonly present in children and are required symptoms for the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Despite their frequency, the underlying pathophysiology of tics/Tourette syndrome remains unknown. In this review, we discuss a variety of controversies surrounding the pathophysiology of tics, including the following: Are tics voluntary or involuntary? What is the role of the premonitory urge? Are tics due to excess excitatory or deficient inhibition? Is it time to adopt the contemporary version of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGTC) circuit? and Do we know the primary abnormal neurotransmitter in Tourette syndrome? Data from convergent clinical and animal model studies support complex interactions among the various CBGTC sites and neurotransmitters. Advances are being made; however, numerous pathophysiologic questions persist.

scholarly journals Complex phonic tic and disinhibition in Tourette syndrome: case report

2001 ◽  
Vol 59 (3A) ◽  
pp. 587-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Palmini Maia ◽  
Francisco Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Limbic Cortex ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
Motor Tics

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a combination of multiple motor tics and at least one phonic tic. TS patients often have associated behavioral abnormalities such as obsessive compulsive disorder, attention deficit and hyperactive disorder. Coprolalia, defined as emission of obscenities or swearing, is one type of complex vocal tic, present in 8% to 26% of patients. The pathophysiology of coprolalia and other complex phonic tics remains ill-defined. We report a patient whose complex phonic tic was characterized by repetitively saying "breast cancer" on seeing the son of aunt who suffered from this condition. The patient was unable to suppress the tic and did not meet criteria for obsessive compulsive disorder. The phenomenology herein described supports the theory that complex phonic tics result from disinhibition of the loop connecting the basal ganglia with the limbic cortex.

The role of immune mechanisms in Tourette syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 1617 ◽  
pp. 126-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Martino ◽  
Panagiotis Zis ◽  
Maura Buttiglione
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Immune Mechanisms

Premonitory urges and Touretting volcanoes

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Vector Model ◽  
Semantic Model ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Language And Cognition ◽  
Motor Tics

Abstract Causative meaning including, but not limited to, causation, prevention, and enabling is realized in language use through force construal. Force is explored in this article through consideration of narratives on Tourette Syndrome, a disorder that is largely characterized by its constitutive actions (vocal and motor tics). To account for force construal, the article proposes a merger of a vector model for the description of force in language and cognition and a lexical semantic model of ontologies and construals. Force is accounted for in terms of a number of configurations (cause, enable, prevent, withstand, and despite) that are realized through construal operations. This merger of explanatory models allows nuanced and flexible description of forceful meaning in actual language use.

scholarly journals Principal components analysis of a large cohort with Tourette syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Robertson ◽  
Robert R. Althoff ◽  
Adam Hafez ◽  
David L. Pauls
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Unitary Condition ◽  
Motor Tics

BackgroundTourette syndrome is a heterogeneous familial disorder for which the genetic mechanisms are unknown. A better characterisation of the phenotype may help identify susceptibility genesAimsTo extend previous factor-analytic studies of the syndromeMethodSymptom data from 410 people with Tourette syndrome were included in agglomerative hierarchical cluster and principal components analysesResultsFive factors were observed, characterised by: (1) socially inappropriate behaviours and other complex vocal tics; (2) complex motor tics; (3) simple tics; (4) compulsive behaviours; and (5) touching self. Individuals with co-occurring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder had significantly higher factor scores on Factors 1 and 3, whereas individuals with co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder and behaviours had significantly higher factor scores for Factors 1–4ConclusionsThese findings add to the growing body of evidence that Tourette syndrome is not a unitary condition and can be disaggregated into more homogeneous symptom components

scholarly journals Premonitory Urges and Sensorimotor Processing in Tourette Syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangeerthana Rajagopal ◽  
Stefano Seri ◽  
Andrea Eugenio Cavanna
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Sensorimotor Processing ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Clinical Phenomenology ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Syndrome Report

Most patients with Tourette syndrome report characteristic sensory experiences (premonitory urges) associated with the expression of tic symptoms. Despite the central role of these experiences to the clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome, little is known about their underlying brain processes. In the present article we present the results of a systematic literature review of the published studies addressing the pathophysiological mechanisms of premonitory urges. We identified some preliminary evidence for specific alterations in sensorimotor processing at both cortical and subcortical levels. A better insight into the brain correlates of premonitory urges could lead to the identification of new targets to treat the sensory initiators of tics in patients with Tourette syndrome.

scholarly journals Reduced GABAergic inhibition and abnormal sensory symptoms in children with Tourette syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 808-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolaas A. J. Puts ◽  
Ashley D. Harris ◽  
Deana Crocetti ◽  
Carrie Nettles ◽  
Harvey S. Singer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Gaba Concentration ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Motor Tics

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is characterized by the presence of chronic tics. Individuals with TS often report difficulty with ignoring (habituating to) tactile sensations, and some patients perceive that this contributes to a “premonitory urge” to tic. While common, the physiological basis of impaired tactile processing in TS, and indeed tics themselves, remain poorly understood. It has been well established that GABAergic processing plays an important role in shaping the neurophysiological response to tactile stimulation. Furthermore, there are multiple lines of evidence suggesting that a deficit in GABAergic transmission may contribute to symptoms found in TS. In this study, GABA-edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was combined with a battery of vibrotactile tasks to investigate the role of GABA and atypical sensory processing in children with TS. Our results show reduced primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) GABA concentration in children with TS compared with healthy control subjects (HC), as well as patterns of impaired performance on tactile detection and adaptation tasks, consistent with altered GABAergic function. Moreover, in children with TS SM1 GABA concentration correlated with motor tic severity, linking the core feature of TS directly to in vivo brain neurochemistry. There was an absence of the typical correlation between GABA and frequency discrimination performance in TS as was seen in HC. These data show that reduced GABA concentration in TS may contribute to both motor tics and sensory impairments in children with TS. Understanding the mechanisms of altered sensory processing in TS may provide a foundation for novel interventions to alleviate these symptoms.

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