Cacao agroforestry systems do not increase pest and disease incidence compared with monocultures under good cultural management practices

Rapid expansion of unsustainable farming practices in upland areas of Southeast Asia threatens food security and the environment. This study assessed alternative agroforestry systems for sustainable land management and livelihood improvement in northwest Vietnam. The performance of fruit tree-based agroforestry was compared with that of sole cropping, and farmers’ perspectives on agroforestry were documented. After seven years, longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)-maize-forage grass and son tra (Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne)-forage grass systems had generated 2.4- and 3.5-fold higher average annual income than sole maize and sole son tra, respectively. Sole longan gave no net profit, due to high investment costs. After some years, competition developed between the crop, grass, and tree components, e.g., for nitrogen, and the farmers interviewed reported a need to adapt management practices to optimise spacing and pruning. They also reported that agroforestry enhanced ecosystem services by controlling surface runoff and erosion, increasing soil fertility and improving resilience to extreme weather. Thus, agroforestry practices with fruit trees can be more profitable than sole-crop cultivation within a few years. Integration of seasonal and fast-growing perennial plants (e.g., grass) is essential to ensure quick returns. Wider adoption needs initial incentives or loans, knowledge exchange, and market links.

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Characterization of Botrytis cinerea From Commercial Cut Flower Roses

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1623-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (7) ◽

pp. 1577-1583 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. Muñoz ◽

J. E. Faust ◽

G. Schnabel

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Management Practices ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Cut Flower ◽

Aspergillus Brasiliensis

Botrytis cinerea Pers. infects cut flower roses (Rosa × hybrida L.) during greenhouse production and gray mold symptoms are often expressed in the postharvest environment, resulting in significant economic losses. Disease management is based on cultural practices and preventative chemical treatments; however, gray mold outbreaks continue to occur. Rose tissues from six commercial shipments from two greenhouses in Colombia were evaluated to determine the Botrytis species composition as well as identify other pathogens present, gray mold incidence and severity, and fungicide resistance profiles. Botrytis isolates (49 total) were grouped into six morphological phenotypes, and all were identified to be B. cinerea sensu stricto. Disease incidence was higher in the petals than in the stem, stamen, ovary, sepal, or leaf tissues. Other fungi were isolated infrequently and included Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Diplodia sp. Fungicide resistance profiles were determined using previously established discriminatory doses. Isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, boscalid, and cyprodinil were found frequently in all shipments and in both greenhouses. The frequency of resistance to penthiopyrad, fenhexamid, fluopyram, isofetamid, and fludioxonil varied between shipments and greenhouses. No resistance to pydiflumetofen was observed at the discriminatory doses tested. Isolates with resistance to multiple chemical classes were commonly found. These results indicate that fungicide resistance management practices may improve preharvest and postharvest gray mold control of cut flower roses.

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Association of Chocolate Spot and Faba Bean Rust Epidemics with Climate Change Resilient Cultural Practices in Bale Highlands, Ethiopia

Advances in Agriculture ◽

10.1155/2018/6042495 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gosaye Eshetu ◽

Yekedem Bimrew ◽

Hassen Shifa

Keyword(s):

Faba Bean ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Cropping System ◽

Previous Crop ◽

Multiple Variable ◽

Chocolate Spot ◽

The Mean

Field survey was conducted in south eastern Ethiopia to determine the disease intensity of chocolate spot and rust and to investigate the association of disease intensity (incidence and severity) with environmental factors and crop cultural practices. A total of 280 faba bean fields were surveyed in eight districts, and type of cropping system, weed management practices, crop growth stage, previous crop in the field, and sowing date were recorded. The associations of disease intensity with independent variables were evaluated using logistic regression model. Mean disease incidence of chocolate spot varied from 70.9 to 93.2% in most fields while percentage severity index (PSI) ranged from 10.5 to 47.1%. In a reduced multiple variable model, chocolate PSI ≤ 30% showed high probability of association with mixed cropping system, good weed management practices, late planting, and when faba bean was rotated with vegetables and cereals. The mean disease incidence of faba bean rust was varied from 23.6 to 78.2%, while the mean PSI of rust was varied from 4.8 to 37.9%. In Gasera, Dinsho, and Agarfa districts, poor weed management practices, fields planted in the month of July, and when previous crop was legume had a high probability of association to (>20) rust PSI in a multiple variable reduced model. In contrast, soil types, fertilizer applied, and fungicides sprayed were not associated with disease intensity. The present study has identified cropping system, planting date, previous crop, district, and weed management practices as important variables that influence faba bean chocolate spot and rust epidemics in diversified fields. Therefore, proper weeding management practices, late planting, crop rotation habit, and other related farm practices should be carried out to reduce chocolate spot and rust impact until resistant faba bean genotypes are developed and distributed to the area.

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Gall rust disease incidence of Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) in Falcata – based agroforestry systems in Misamis Oriental, Philippines

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/449/1/012035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 449 ◽

pp. 012035

Author(s):

R A Palma ◽

L E Tiongco ◽

O P Canencia ◽

R D Boniao ◽

E J Florida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Incidence ◽

Agroforestry Systems ◽

Rust Disease ◽

Paraserianthes Falcataria

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Agroforestry and the Improvement of Soil Fertility: A View from Amazonia

Applied and Environmental Soil Science ◽

10.1155/2012/616383 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Rachel C. Pinho ◽

Robert P. Miller ◽

Sonia S. Alfaia

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Management Practices ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Tropical Soils ◽

Agroforestry Systems ◽

Natural Ecosystems ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Northern Brazil ◽

Physical And Chemical

This paper discusses the effects of trees on soil fertility, with a focus on agricultural systems in Amazonia. Relevant literature concerning the effects of trees on soil physical and chemical properties in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions is reviewed, covering both natural ecosystems and agroecosystems. Soil carbon, in the form of organic matter, is considered as an indicator of biological activity as well as in relation to policy issues such as carbon sequestration and climate change. In the case of tropical soils and Amazonia, information on the effects of trees on soils is discussed in the context of traditional agriculture systems, as well as in regard to the development of more sustainable agricultural alternatives for the region. Lastly, attention is given to a case study in the savanna region of Roraima, northern Brazil, where a chronosequence of indigenous homegarden agroforestry systems showed clear effects of management practices involving trees on soil fertility. The use of diverse tree species and other practices employed in agroforestry systems can represent alternative forms of increasing soil fertility and maintaining agricultural production, with important practical applications for the sustainability of tropical agriculture.

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Effect of Rice Winter Cultural Management Practices on the Size of the Hatching Population of Triops longicaudatus (Notostraca: Triopsidae) in California Rice Fields

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (3) ◽

pp. 1243-1247

Author(s):

Joanna B Bloese ◽

Kevin M Goding ◽

Larry D Godfrey

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Management Practices ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Straw Decomposition ◽

Cultural Management ◽

Triops Longicaudatus ◽

Rice Pest ◽

Tadpole Shrimp ◽

Winter Flooding ◽

The University

Abstract The tadpole shrimp [Triops longicaudatus (Leconte)] has emerged as a significant pest of rice grown in California in recent decades. The change in T. longicaudatus’ pest status has coincided with changes in cultural management of residual rice straw postharvest. Policy changes have reduced the postharvest burning of fields from nearly 95% to less than 10%, promoting increased use of winter flooding as a means of accelerating straw decomposition. Field and laboratory trials were conducted from 2015 to 2017 at the Rice Experiment Station in Biggs, CA and in greenhouses at the University of California (UC) Davis to evaluate the effects of burning, flooding, and a fallow control on T. longicaudatus population dynamics. Experiments demonstrated that burning of rice straw failed to suppress densities of hatching T. longicaudatus and actually had the reverse effect, causing a 51% increase in numbers hatching, perhaps as a result of burning triggering termination of multiyear T. longicaudatus egg dormancy. Winter flooding had no measurable effect on T. longicaudatus hatch. Thus, these changes in winter cultural practices do not appear to be responsible for the emergence of T. longicaudatus as a major rice pest.

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Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Iris yellow spot virus and Thrips in Colorado Onion Fields

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2010-0820-01-rs ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Howard F. Schwartz ◽

David H. Gent ◽

Scott M. Fichtner ◽

Rajiv Khosla ◽

Linda A. Mahaffey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Ph ◽

Management Practices ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Risk Index ◽

Iris Yellow Spot Virus ◽

Yellow Spot ◽

Onion Thrips ◽

Spot Virus ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Sodium Percent

Iris yellow spot virus and its onion thrips vector (Thrips tabaci) are yield limiting pests of onion in the western United States. This two-year project investigated the relationship of iris yellow spot to thrips populations, soil properties, and grower management practices in six onion fields during 2005 and 2006 in Colorado. Thrips density (average number of thrips per plant per day) was negatively associated with soil pH (r = -0.61). The incidence of iris yellow spot at harvest was positively associated with organic matter, zinc, potassium, percent sodium, percent hydrogen, copper, iron, and soil pH. Thrips-days had a clear non-linear association with disease incidence at harvest. Onion plant population was positively associated with levels of iron, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc; and negatively associated with calcium, salts, percent potassium, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Marketable (medium or larger sized bulbs) yield was negatively associated with phosphorus and percent potassium, and positively associated with salts, calcium, and CEC. Results from this project could contribute to the development of a risk index to predict potential risk from Iris yellow spot virus and its onion thrips vector. Accepted for publication 6 July 2010. Published 20 August 2010.

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Climatic effects on Salmonella survival in plant and soil irrigated with artificially inoculated wastewater: preliminary results

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2001.0720 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 43 (12) ◽

pp. 103-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. P. Palacios ◽

P. Lupiola ◽

M. T. Tejedor ◽

E. Del-Nero ◽

A. Pardo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Management Practices ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Wastewater Management ◽

Secondary Effluent ◽

Waterborne Diseases ◽

Agricultural Field

The use of wastewater to replace other water resources for irrigation is highly dependent on whether the health risk and environmental impacts entailed are acceptable or not. Total count and species of microorganisms found in wastewater vary widely because of climatic conditions, season, population sanitary habits and disease incidence. Salmonella, one of the genera associated with waterborne diseases, lives in the intestine. Thus, it is widely accepted that they have a limited survival period under environmental conditions. Wastewater management practices and the ability of Salmonella to survival under field conditions would determine the health risk associated with its presence in wastewater. Although chlorination is widely used, there are situations in which Salmonella is able to survive the sudden stress imposed by this technique. The aim of this experiment was to contribute to the study of the climatic and soil effects on pathogen survival under agricultural field conditions in order to assess which were the best wastewater management practices from both health and economic points of view. Five pots filled with soil seeded with Medicago sativa and an automatic weather station were used. A secondary effluent was artificially inoculated with Salmonella. In addition, open plates (filled with sterilised soil) and ultraviolet radiation isolated plates (filled with non-sterilised soil) were used. As soil heat emission contributes to the environmental conditions around the bacteria, standardised meteorological temperature data had to be carefully used in the bacterial survival studies under agricultural conditions. Radiation was the main cause of Salmonella mortality as its effect was more important than natural soil bacteria competence. Higher reduction of Salmonella counts could have been associated with longer spring days. Soil was able to effectively remove Salmonella. Subsurface drip irrigation methods could provide an effective tool to prevent health risk associated with wastewater irrigation.

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YIELD AND DISEASE TOLERANCE OF POTATO CULTIVARS GROWN UNDER CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2005.684.10 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 79-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Fiorillo ◽

Y. Rouphael ◽

M. Cardarelli ◽

F. Saccardo ◽

G. Colla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Potato Cultivars ◽

Disease Tolerance ◽

Cultural Management

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How Cultural Divergence Influences Expatriate’s Performance in Malaysia

KnE Social Sciences ◽

10.18502/kss.v3i22.5097 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Umme Salma Sultana ◽

Tarnima Warda Andalib ◽

Mohd Ridzuan Darun

Keyword(s):

Resource Management ◽

Human Resource Management ◽

Human Resource ◽

Management Practices ◽

Employee Performance ◽

The Body ◽

Cultural Management ◽

Body Of Knowledge ◽

Human Resource Management Practices ◽

Cross Cultural Management

Malaysia is one of the countries which welcome expatriates from all over the world to fill the need for skilled employees. This paper provides an overview of how cultural divergence influence expatriates performance in Malaysia. The main purpose of this study is to identify the important issues which directly or indirectly, positively or negatively influence expatriate’s performance in day to day work. This study reviewed 55 papers related to cultural divergence, employee performance, cultural intelligence, and human resource management practices in Malaysia. The finding highlights that expatriates experience cultural clashes between foreign and local values, which pose direct influences on expatriates’ performance. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in the cross-cultural management field as well as practical implications to expatriating firms. Finally, this research is beneficial and informative, especially for Malaysian researchers and managers in International Human Resource Management (IHRM) field.

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