Feeding and drinking skills in preterm and low birth weight infants compared to full term infants at a corrected age of nine months

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna L. den Boer ◽  
Johannes A. Schipper
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Infants

Feeding the Very Low-Birth-Weight Infant

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Rene Romero ◽  
Ronald E. Kleinman
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Nutrition Support ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Organ Systems

Unfortunately, premature birth occurs commonly in the United States. Improving the survival of very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants depends in large part upon understanding the physiologic capabilities of their immature organ systems and providing appropriate support as they mature. Advances in the nutritional support of these infants have contributed to the better outcomes we have come to expect today, even for the smallest infants. In this review, we will discuss the limitations of gastrointestinal function and the unique nutritional requirements of very low-birth-weight infants and describe the current methods of enteral and parenteral nutrition support used to meet these requirements. Developmental Physiology By 24 to 26 weeks of gestation, the fetal gastrointestinal tract is morphologically similar to that of the full-term infant; however, functional development is far from complete. Maturation of gastrointestinal motility, digestion, and absorption continues through much of the first year of life, even in full-term infants, as a result of an interplay between the preprogrammed "biological clock" and environmental influences. The decision to feed the VLBW infant must take into account the developmental limitations as well as the potential for enhancing intestinal maturation at each stage of development (Table 1). Fetal swallowing is evident at the beginning of the second trimester.

Postnatal Persistence of Capillary-Venous Differences in Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Values in Low-Birth-Weight and Term Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 956-957
Author(s):  
Luis M. Rivera ◽  
Nathan Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Third

Full-term and preterm infants were studied to determine whether differences between capillary and venous hematocrit and hemoglobin values were detectable after the first week of life. Significant differences were shown to persist in both term and preterm infants into at least the third postnatal months. However, the differences were considerably greater in low-birth-weight infants, with mean capillary values at ages 4 to 6 postnatal weeks approximately 11% to 12% higher than the corresponding venous values. The data indicated that capillary-venous differences were related not only to postnatal age, but also to postconceptual age.

scholarly journals Comparison of blood glucose levels in breastfed vs. formula-fed low birth weight infants

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Eli Tua Pangaribuan ◽  
Bugis M. Lubis ◽  
Pertin Sianturi ◽  
Emil Azlin ◽  
Guslihan D. Tjipta
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Background  Low  birth weight infants are defined  as  babies withbirth weight less  than  2500 grams.  Low  birth weight infants tendto suffer from hypoglycemia compared to full term infants.  Theincidence  of  hypoglycemia in newborns varies between 1.3 and  3per 1000 live births. Blood glucose levels in formula-fed infantsare lower  than  those in breastfed infants.Objective  To  compare blood glucose levels in breastfed  andformula-fed low birth weight infants.Methods  A cross sectional study was conducted between February2007  and  June 2007  at  Pirngadi and H. Adam Malik GeneralHospital in Medan,  North  Sumatra, Indonesia. All low birthweight babies were classified into two groups: the breastfed  andformula-fed. Each group consisted  of  32 infants. Capillary bloodwas collected using heel pricks  at  1,  48,  and  72 hours after birth,and plasma glucose was evaluated using the Glucotrend2 bloodglucose test.Results  The  breastfed low birth weight infants had significantlyhigher blood glucose levels (P=0.002)  than  formula-fed low birthweight infants. Mode of delivery  was  related to blood glucose level.Infant delivered  by  caesarean section had significantly differentblood glucose levels  at  1 hour  (P=0.005)  and  72  hours afterbirth (P=0.027).  The  full-term infants had significantly higherblood glucose level (P=0.007)  than  the small for gestational ageinfants.Conclusions  Generally,  low  birth weight infants have hypoglycemiaafter first hour  of  delivery. Breastfed low birth weight infants havehigher blood glucose levels  than  formula-fed low birth weightinfants.

A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-628
Author(s):  
Mary O. Cruise
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Normal Velocity ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Growth Measurement

Physicians may need to consider the growth of children–especially those of unusual size for age–from two different viewpoints. Most pediatricians are used to thinking of what may be called distance growth: how "normal" is a child's actual length at 2 years? The other aspect, velocity growth, expresses the rate or speed at which the child has grown. This may be equal for children of corresponding ages, whereas their distance growth may vary greatly. Failure of growth at a normal rate in one child should be investigated whereas another child with horizontal growth measurement outside ± 2 SD, but with normal velocity growth may require no investigation. Data from this study provide not only mean measurements for weight, length, and head circumference of low birth weight infants who are grouped by sex and gestational age, but also provide velocity growth from birth through 3 years of age. Preterm infants (gestational age < 37 weeks) had greater velocity growth rates than small-for-date infants (full-term, low birth weight). At 1, 2, and 3 years the SFD infants had the smallest mean measurements of all the study groups of low birth weight infants. Comparative full-term infants were larger than low birth weight infants from birth through 3 years of age.

scholarly journals Newborn Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Kanshi Minamitani
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Screening Strategies

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common preventable cause of intellectual impairment or failure to thrive by early identification and treatment. In Japan, newborn screening programs for CH were introduced in 1979, and the clinical guidelines for newborn screening of CH were developed in 1998, revised in 2014, and are currently undergoing further revision. Newborn screening strategies are designed to detect the elevated levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in most areas of Japan, although TSH and free thyroxine (FT4) are often measured simultaneously in some areas. Since 1987, in order not to observe the delayed rise in TSH, additional rescreening of premature neonates and low birth weight infants (<2000 g) at four weeks of life or when their body weight reaches 2500 g has been recommended, despite a normal initial newborn screening. Recently, the actual incidence of CH has doubled to approximately 1:2500 in Japan as in other countries. This increasing incidence is speculated to be mainly due to an increase in the number of mildly affected patients detected by the generalized lowering of TSH screening cutoffs and an increase in the number of preterm or low birth weight neonates at a higher risk of having CH than term infants.

Nutritional Needs of Low-Birth-Weight Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Caloric Requirements

The goal of feeding regimens for low-birth-weight infants is to obtain a prompt postnatal resumption of growth to a rate approximating intrauterine growth because this is believed to provide the best possible conditions for subsequent normal development. This statement reviews current opinion and practices as well as earlier reviews1-5 of the feeding of the low-birth-weight infant. Caloric Requirement The basal metabolic rate of low-birth-weight infants is lower than that of full-term infants during the first week of life, but it reaches and exceeds that of the full-term infant by the second week. Daily caloric requirements reach 50 to 100 kcal/kg by the end of the first week of life and usually increase to 110 to 150 kcal/kg in subsequent active growth. A partition of the daily minimum energy requirements is shown in Table I.6 There are considerable variations from these average values, depending on both biological and environmental factors. Infants who are small for gestational age tend to have a higher basal metabolic rate than do premature infants of the same weight.7 The degree of physical activity appears to be a characteristic of the individual infant. Environmental factors may have a greater influence than biological variation in determining the total caloric requirements. The maximal response to cold stress can increase the resting rate of heat production up to 2½ times.6Calories expended for specific dynamic action and for fecal losses are dependent on the composition of the milk or formula fed, as well as on individual variations in absorption of

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