A note on the relationship between top income shares and the Gini coefficient

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Facundo Alvaredo
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Top Income Shares ◽  
The Relationship

Some Variations on Standard Income Measurement Error Models

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigham B. Frandsen ◽  
James B. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Measurement Error Models ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Parametric Specification ◽  
Income Measurement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Multiplicative Measurement Error ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Measures Of Inequality

Measurement error can have a significant impact on measures of inequality. Using a fairly flexible parametric specification of an independent multiplicative measurement error (IMME) model we explore the relationship between changes in the variance of measurement error, for a given mean of measurement error, on the Gini Coefficient. While the measured Gini is greater than the true Gini, the difference decreases as the variance of measurement error decreases. Copulas are used to relax the assumption of independence of measurement error and true income. In this case the measured Gini can be larger or smaller than the true Gini, depending on the correlation between true income and measurement error. Using the same approach with simulations the effect of a different distribution of measurement error is investigated.

scholarly journals Commentary: Measuring the shape of degree distributions

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER M. BADHAM
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Degree Distribution ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Standard Measure ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractDegree distribution is a fundamental property of networks. While mean degree provides a standard measure of scale, there are several commonly used shape measures. Widespread use of a single shape measure would enable comparisons between networks and facilitate investigations about the relationship between degree distribution properties and other network features. This paper describes five candidate measures of heterogeneity and recommends the Gini coefficient. It has theoretical advantages over many of the previously proposed measures, is meaningful for the broad range of distribution shapes seen in different types of networks, and has several accessible interpretations. While this paper focuses on degree, the distribution of other node-based network properties could also be described with Gini coefficients.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Relationship between the PM2.5 Concentration and the Gini Coefficient Using the Grey Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Lifeng Wu ◽  
Kai Cai ◽  
Yan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Grey Model ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Grey Prediction ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

To explore the relationship between the PM2.5 concentration and the gap between the rich and the poor, the PM2.5 concentration in 26 provincial regions of China is predicted by using the Gini coefficient as the independent variable. The nonequigap fractional grey prediction model (CFNGM (1, 1)) is used for data fitting and predicting. The validity of the model is verified by comparing with the traditional nonequidistant grey model. The predicting results show that the PM2.5 concentration in many provinces of China presents a roughly downward trend. In the past nine years, the Gini coefficients have declined in more than 70% of the 26 provinces. However, the development of the Gini coefficient in Northwest China fluctuates greatly and even has an upward trend in recent years. According to the predictive results, reasonable suggestions can be put forward for the effective control of PM2.5 emission in China.

Inequalities and political populism: The case of Bulgaria

SEER ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-244
Author(s):  
Lyuboslav Kostov
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Macroeconomic Shocks ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Relationship

The article evaluates and analyses the dynamics of inequalities in Bulgaria during 2010-2020 as quantified by a set of particular indicators including the Gini coefficient, the S80/S20 indicator and the share of income held by the richest five per cent. The article examines the relationship between these inequalities and the growth of a certain type of political rhetoric which the literature clearly categorises as populism and which has been rising in central and eastern Europe as in other places elsewhere. In addition, the most up-to-date theoretical literature on these issues is studied and summarised. Social and macroeconomic shocks evidently affect the development of inequalities and, with the global Covid-19 pandemic, we are in the middle of one such set of shocks. The article concludes that a broad public and expert debate is overdue on the problems of inequalities and the consequences of their growth - namely: the development of populist rhetoric - and that reforms are required to reduce inequalities to within parameters that are more socially acceptable as a means of reducing the incidence of populism.

scholarly journals Effects of plot size, stand density, and scan density on the relationship between airborne laser scanning metrics and the Gini coefficient of tree size inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1590-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Adnan ◽  
Matti Maltamo ◽  
David A. Coomes ◽  
Rubén Valbuena
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Airborne Laser ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Relationship

Estimation of the Gini coefficient (GC) of tree sizes using airborne laser scanning (ALS) can provide maps of forest structure across the landscape, which can support sustainable forest management. A challenge arises in determining the optimal spatial resolution that maximizes the stability and precision of GC estimates, which in turn depends on stand density or ALS scan density. By subsampling different plot sizes within large field plots, we evaluated the optimal spatial resolution by observing changes in GC estimation and in its correlation with ALS metrics. We found that plot size had greater effects than either stand density or ALS scan density on the relationship between GC and ALS metrics. Uncertainty in GC estimates fell as plot size increased. Correlation with ALS metrics showed convex curves with maxima at 250–450 m2, which thus was considered the optimal plot size and, consequently, the optimal spatial resolution. By thinning the density of the ALS point cloud, we deduced that at least 3 points·m−2were needed for reliable GC estimates. Many nationwide ALS scan densities are sparser than this, so may be unreliable for GC estimation. Ours is a simple approach for evaluating the optimal spatial resolution in remote sensing estimation of any forest attribute.

scholarly journals Income inequalities, social support and depressive symptoms among older adults in Europe: a multilevel cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Sánchez-Moreno ◽  
Lorena P. Gallardo-Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level 2

AbstractThis study analysed the association between income inequality and depression from a multilevel perspective among older adults in Europe, including an examination of the role of social support. The data came from Eurostat’s European Health Interview Survey (EHIS). Selected participants were aged 65 years or above (n = 68,417) and located in 24 European countries. The outcome variable (depression) was measured using the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). The resulting dataset included individual-level (level-1) and aggregate-level (level 2) exposure variables. Level-1 included income quintiles and social support as exposure variables and sex, age, living alone, limitation in activities of daily living and general activity limitation as control variables. Level 2 included the Gini coefficient, healthcare expenditure and dependency ratio. A multilevel linear regression analysis was performed with maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. All the income quintiles from 1 to 4 showed higher average scores for depression than quintile 5 (the highest). Higher social support scores were associated with lower scores for depression. An interaction was found between income quintile and social support, with higher levels of social support associated with lower scores for depression in quintiles 1 and 2. Higher Gini coefficient scores were associated with higher scores for depression. A significative random slope for social support was also found, meaning that the relationship between social support and depression differed across countries. No significant interaction was found between the Gini coefficient and social support. The study findings suggest that more unequal societies provide a less favourable context for the mental health of older adults. There are also significant country-dependent differences in terms of the relationship between support and mental health among older adults.

scholarly journals The labor share and income inequality: some empirical evidence for the period 1990-2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (84) ◽  
pp. 173-195
Author(s):  
Iñaki Erauskin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Labor Share ◽  
Income Share ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze empirically the relationship between the labor share and income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient and by the income shares for different quintiles, during the period 1990–2015 for 62 developed and developing countries. Design/methodology/approach This study uses panel data techniques to analyze empirically the relationship between the labor share and income inequality. Findings This paper finds that a lower labor share is associated with a higher Gini coefficient. A lower labor share is found to be strongly associated with a smaller income share for the lowest two quintiles and larger income share for the highest quintile and weakly associated with a smaller income share for the third and fourth quintiles. Moreover, this paper finds that the lower the quintile, the stronger the impact of the labor share on the income share of the quintile. Social implications Policymakers should take into account the evolution of the labor share. Public policies that improve labor market outcomes, such as those aimed to promote participation in the labor market and strengthen the human capital of low-income groups, seem necessary to prevent the rise in economic inequalities. Moreover, as the digital transformation of society progresses, policies to promote skill deepening may have an important role in reversing excessive inequalities. Originality/value How changes in the labor share are associated with changes in the Gini coefficient, and how this is driven by income shares for different quintiles, for a broad range of countries during the most recent period, has not been comprehensively studied using panel data techniques.

scholarly journals Why We Should Use the Gini Coefficient to Assess Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Constantin Kaplaner ◽  
Yves Steinebach
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium Theory ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Precise Measure

Abstract Punctuated Equilibrium Theory posits that policy-making is generally characterized by long periods of stability that are interrupted by short periods of fundamental policy change. The literature converged on the measure of kurtosis and L-kurtosis to assess these change patterns. In this letter, we critically discuss these measures and propose the Gini coefficient as a (1) comparable, but (2) more intuitive, and (3) more precise measure of “punctuated” change patterns.

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