RETRACTED: The relationship between growth–inequality–poverty triangle and pro-poor growth policies in Pakistan: The twin disappointments

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 375-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Zaman ◽  
Bashir Ahmad Khilji
Keyword(s):  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Relationship

The Relationship Between Maxillary Growth and Speech in Children With a Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate at 5 Years of Age

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562110106
Author(s):  
Matthew Fell ◽  
Jibby Medina ◽  
Kate Fitzsimons ◽  
Miriam Seifert ◽  
Anne Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dental Models ◽  
Maxillary Growth ◽  
Growth Scores ◽  
Outcomes For Children ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normal Speech

Objective: This study sought to investigate the association between maxillary growth and speech outcomes for children with a repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) at 5 years of age. Participants: In all, 521 children (180 females and 341 males) with a nonsyndromic complete UCLP, born between 2007 and 2012 in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland were included in this study. Outcome Measures: Maxillary growth was analyzed using dental models scored by the 5-Year-Olds’ index, and perceptual speech analyses were scored by the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech – Augmented rating. Results: Forty-one percent of the children achieved good maxillary growth (scores 1 and 2 on 5-Year-Old’ index). Fifty percent of the children achieved normal speech (achieving UK speech standard 1). Maxillary growth was not found to have an impact on speech outcome when described by the 3 UK National Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Audit Outcome Standards. Analysis according to individual speech parameters showed dentalizations to be less prevalent in children with good maxillary growth compared to fair and poor growth ( P = .001). The remaining speech parameters within resonance, nasal airflow, and articulation categories were not significantly associated with maxillary growth. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that children with a history of complete UCLP, who have poor maxillary growth, are not at a higher risk of having major speech errors compared to children with good or fair maxillary growth at 5 years of age.

scholarly journals Effect of rainfall on the yield of major cereals in Darchula District of Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govinda Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Seasonal Rainfall ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Relationship

Rainfall is one of the most important factors for the growth of cereals. Inadequate water results poor growth and reduced yield. This study is aimed to explore the relationship between rainfall and yield of major cereals in Darchula district of Nepal. The yield of individual cereals is correlated with the seasonal rainfall data using MS Excel to identify the effect of rainfall on yield of cereals. The amount of rainfall in the years 1974, 1977, 1980, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999 and 2000 was reduced which has greatly affected the yield of rice, wheat and maize in 1986 and 1987. In the years 1976, 1977, 1999 and 2000, the decrease in the amount of rainfall has reduced the yield of all major cereals in Darchula district of Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9954 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(1) 2014: 205-213

Political Settlements and Immiserizing Growth Episodes

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunal Sen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Growth ◽  
The Political ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Growth Deceleration ◽  
Political Settlement

Economic growth in developing countries is an ‘episodic’ phenomenon, with countries undertaking discrete shifts from periods of low to periods of high growth and vice versa. Not all growth acceleration episodes lead to reductions in poverty, and there is wide variation in the relationship between growth and poverty across episodes of growth of the same magnitude or duration. This chapter shows that several cases of growth acceleration episodes may be defined as episodes of immiserizing growth, in that poverty either increases or remains roughly the same across the duration of these episodes. Similarly, the chapter shows that not all growth deceleration episodes lead to increases in poverty. A political economy explanation is presented for episodes of immiserizing growth, focusing on the nature of the political settlement, and in particular on the distribution of power. We find that settlements with dispersed vertical power can lessen the likelihood of immiserizing growth episodes. We also find that dispersed horizontal power is not necessarily conducive to pro-poor growth episodes.

The Effects of R&D Expenditure and Technological Spillover on Industry Revenues in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-69
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Serial Correlation ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Technological Spillovers ◽  
Current State ◽  
Asian Currency Crisis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This research analyzes the effects of research and development (R&D) activities on industries' sales based on accounting information for the Japanese manufacturing sector from 2001–2017, with the aim of accurately grasping the current situation. The analytical model is based on the traditional extended Cobb-Douglas production function. By avoiding the statistical problem of endogeneity and serial correlation, a multiple regression analysis was used to understand the statistical superiority of the effects of R&D expenditure and technological spillovers on sales figures. This study also analyzes the relationship between acceptance and supply of technological spillovers in Japanese industries to understand the current state of the impact of technological spillovers. In conclusion, the effects of recent R&D activities in the Japanese manufacturing sector are low. After the 1997 Asian Currency Crisis, Japan's economic growth has declined; this study could help improve R&D activities that support economic growth in this poor growth climate.

scholarly journals Interactions between Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides Species in Cofermentations Are Affected by Carbon Sources, Including Exopolysaccharides Produced by Bifidobacteria

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (23) ◽  
pp. 7518-7524 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rios-Covian ◽  
Silvia Arboleya ◽  
Ana M. Hernandez-Barranco ◽  
Jorge R. Alvarez-Buylla ◽  
Patricia Ruas-Madiedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Complex Carbohydrates ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Stages

ABSTRACTCocultures of strains from twoBifidobacteriumand twoBacteroidesspecies were performed with exopolysaccharides (EPS) previously purified from bifidobacteria, with inulin, or with glucose as the carbon source.Bifidobacterium longumNB667 andBifidobacterium breveIPLA20004 grew in glucose but showed poor or no growth in complex carbohydrates (inulin, EPS E44, and EPS R1), whereasBacteroidesgrew well in the four carbon sources tested. In the presence of glucose, the growth ofBacteroides thetaiotaomicronDSM-2079 was inhibited byB. breve, whereas it remained unaffected in the presence ofB. longum.Ba. fragilisDSM-2151 contributed to a greater survival ofB. longum, promoting changes in the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and organic acids in coculture with respect to monocultures. In complex carbohydrates, cocultures of bifidobacterium strains withBa. thetaiotaomicrondid not modify the behavior ofBacteroidesnor improve the poor growth of bifidobacteria. The metabolic activity ofBa. fragilisin coculture with bifidobacteria was not affected by EPS, but greater survival of bifidobacteria at late stages of incubation occurred in cocultures than in monocultures, leading to a higher production of acetic acid than in monocultures. Therefore, cocultures ofBifidobacteriumandBacteroidescan behave differently against fermentable carbohydrates as a function of the specific characteristics of the strains from each species. These results stress the importance of considering specific species and strain interactions and not simply higher taxonomic divisions in the relationship among intestinal microbial populations and their different responses to probiotics and prebiotics.

scholarly journals The relationship between residential altitude and stunting: evidence from >26 000 children living in highlands and lowlands of Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (8) ◽  
pp. 934-941
Author(s):  
Shimels H. Mohammed ◽  
Tesfa D. Habtewold ◽  
Debelo D. Abdi ◽  
Shahab Alizadeh ◽  
Bagher Larijani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Growth Faltering ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractLittle information is known about the influence of altitude on child growth in Ethiopia, where most people live in highlands. We investigated the relation of residential altitude with growth faltering (stunting) of infants and young children in Ethiopia. We also examined whether the altitude–growth relationship was independent of the influence of the dietary and non-dietary determinants of growth. We used the data of 26 976 under-5-year-old children included in the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys, conducted from 2005 to 2016. The samples were recruited following a two-stage cluster sampling strategy. Stunting was defined by height-for-age <−2 z-scores. The relationship between residential altitude and stunting was examined by running multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling the effect of covariate dietary and non-dietary variables. The residential altitude of the study participants ranged from −116 to 4500 m above sea level (masl). There was a significant and progressive increase in the prevalence and odds of stunting with increasing altitude (P < 0·001), irrespective of the dietary and non-dietary predictors of stunting. The prevalence of stunting was lowest in lowlands (39 %) and highest in highlands (47 %). Compared with altitude <1000 masl, the odds of stunting was 1·41 times higher at altitude ≥2500 masl (OR 1·41, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·71) and 1·29 times higher at altitude 2000–2499 masl (OR 1·29, 95 % CI 1·11, 1·49). Children living in highlands might be at a higher risk of poor growth. Further studies are warranted to understand the mechanism behind the observed altitude–stunting link and identify strategies to compensate for the growth-faltering effect of living in highlands.

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