On the impact of average speed enforcement systems in reducing highway accidents: Evidence from the Italian Safety Tutor

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 100123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Borsati ◽  
Michele Cascarano ◽  
Flavio Bazzana
Keyword(s):  
Average Speed ◽  
Speed Enforcement ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals A comparative evaluation of the impact of average speed enforcement (ASE) on passenger and minibus taxi vehicle drivers on the R61 in South Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Ebot Eno Akpa ◽  
MJ Booysen ◽  
Marion Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Driver Understanding ◽  
Speed Enforcement ◽  
The Impact

Average Speed Enforcement (ASE) is an emergent alternative to instantaneous speed limit enforcement to improve road safety, and is used to enforce an average speed limit over a road segment. This paper presents a study on the response of passenger vehicles and minibus taxis to ASE on the R61 in South Africa. A spatio-temporal quantitative study of speed compliance is conducted, where metrics such as speed variability, average speed and 85th percentile speed measured prior to, and during enforcement are analysed for two prominent modes of transport – passenger vehicles and minibus taxis. These measurements are taken on the enforcement route and on control routes adjacent to and further away from the enforcement route. A qualitative study is also conducted to evaluate the relationship between speed compliance and driver understanding of the system. The impact of the system on crash risk and injury severity is also examined before and during enforcement. For passenger vehicles, results show that the introduction of ASE was followed by a reduction in mean speed on the enforcement route and adjacent control route. For minibus taxis, it was found that ASE appears to have little influence on improving speed compliance, which is likely associated with a lack of driver understanding on how the system operates.

Subtle Impact of Akt1 and Akt3 on Exploratory Behavior in Gene Targeted Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Leibrock ◽  
Michael Hierlmeier ◽  
Undine E. Lang ◽  
Florian Lang
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Closed Area ◽  
Light Area ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Dark Transition

Abstract. The present study explored the impact of Akt1 and Akt3 on behavior. Akt1 (akt1-/-) and Akt3 (akt3-/-) knockout mice were compared to wild type (wt) mice. The akt1-/- mice, akt3-/- mice, and wt mice were similar in most parameters of the open-field test. However, the distance traveled in the center area was slightly but significantly less in akt3-/- mice than in wt mice. In the light/dark transition test akt1-/- mice had significantly lower values than wt mice and akt3-/- mice for distance traveled, number of rearings, rearing time in the light area, as well as time spent and distance traveled in the entrance area. They were significantly different from akt3-/- mice in the distance traveled, visits, number of rearings, rearing time in the light area, as well as time spent, distance traveled, number of rearings, and rearing time in the entrance area. In the O-maze the time spent, and the visits to open arms, as well as the number of protected and unprotected headdips were significantly less in akt1-/- mice than in wt mice, whereas the time spent in closed arms was significantly more in akt1-/- mice than in wt mice. Protected and unprotected headdips were significantly less in akt3-/- mice than in wt mice. In closed area, akt3-/- mice traveled a significantly larger distance at larger average speed than akt1-/- mice. No differences were observed between akt1-/- mice, akt3-/- mice and wt-type mice in the time of floating during the forced swimming test. In conclusion, akt1-/- mice and less so akt3-/ mice display subtle changes in behavior.

scholarly journals Blockchain-based Reputation for Intelligent Transportation Systems

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liviu-Adrian Hîrţan ◽  
Ciprian Dobre ◽  
Horacio González-Vélez
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Intelligent Transportation ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Impact

A disruptive technology often used in finance, Internet of Things (IoT) and healthcare, blockchain can reach consensus within a decentralised network—potentially composed of large amounts of unreliable nodes—and to permanently and irreversibly store data in a tamper-proof manner. In this paper, we present a reputation system for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It considers the users interested in traffic information as the main actors of the architecture. They securely share their data which are collectively validated by other users. Users can choose to employ either such crowd-sourced validated data or data generated by the system to travel between two locations. The data saved is reliable, based on the providers’ reputation and cannot be modified. We present results with a simulation for three cities: San Francisco, Rome and Beijing. We have demonstrated the impact of malicious attacks as the average speed decreased if erroneous information was stored in the blockchain as an implemented routing algorithm guides the honest cars on other free routes, and thus crowds other intersections.

Modelling of the Ultrasonic Shot Peening Process

2005 ◽  
Vol 490-491 ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Pilé ◽  
Manuel François ◽  
Delphine Retraint ◽  
Emmanuelle Rouhaud ◽  
Jian Lu
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Vibration Frequency ◽  
Shot Peening ◽  
Boltzmann Distribution ◽  
Perfect Gas ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Speed Distribution ◽  
Almen Intensity ◽  
Ultrasonic Shot Peening ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this work is to reach a better understanding of the ultrasonic shot-peening process and, in particular, the evolution of the shot speed distribution. A simple 1D modelling of the interaction between the shots and the sonotrode is carried out. The impact is considered as inelastic with an energy absorption that depends on the speed of the shot. It is found that after about 10 interactions (» 1s) the speed distribution in the chamber follows a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, which is the distribution found in a perfect gas at equilibrium. The influence of various process parameters such as the sonotrode amplitude, the vibration frequency on the average speed and on the Almen intensity is studied.

The classification in Para swimming: Analysis of a Paralympic champion’s withdraw case

2020 ◽  
pp. 174795412095352
Author(s):  
Augusto C Barbosa ◽  
Leonardo T Araújo ◽  
Tatiana OC Kanayama ◽  
João Paulo C de Souza ◽  
Thiago F Lourenço ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Speed ◽  
Speed Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Olympic Athlete

This study compared the in-water bilateral leg kick speed difference between a Paralympic and an Olympic athlete. The Paralympic (former S10) was not eligible after his reclassification in 2019, whereas the Olympic was a semi-finalist in 50 m freestyle in Rio 2016. Kick performance was assessed by a speedometer in one push-off ∼15 m maximal kick sprint. Ten complete cycles were analyzed, and the average speed of each leg in each cycle was calculated. Computerized planimetry assessed plantar feet areas. Differences between right and left feet areas were –22% and –2.1% for the Paralympic and Olympic, respectively. The left kick was slower in the Paralympic (p < 0.0001, ES: 2.35, very large), whereas no difference was found for the Olympic (p = 0.55, ES: 0.27, small). There is a substantial bilateral leg kick speed difference for the Paralympic, but not for the Olympic. The impact of Paralympic’s impairment on his kick performance considerably differs when using quantitative and qualitative assessments.

scholarly journals Multi-lane Changing Model with Coupling Driving Intention and Inclination

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangfeng Wang ◽  
Chang Gao ◽  
Zhouyuan Zhu ◽  
Xuedong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Density Flow ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Considering the impact of drivers’ psychology and behaviour, a multi-lane changing model coupling driving intention and inclination is proposed by introducing two quantitative indices of intention: strength of lane changing and risk factor. According to the psychological and behavioural characteristics of aggressive drivers and conservative drivers, the safety conditions for lane changing are designed respectively. The numerical simulations show that the proposed model is suitable for describing the traffic flow with frequent lane changing, which is more consistent with the driving behaviour of drivers in China. Compared with symmetric two-lane cellular automata (STCA) model, the proposed model can improve the average speed of vehicles by 1.04% under different traffic demands when aggressive drivers are in a higher proportion (the threshold of risk factor is 0.4). When the risk factor increases, the average speed shows the polarization phenomenon with the average speed slowing down in big traffic demand. The proposed model can reflect the relationship among density, flow, and speed, and the risk factor has a significant impact on density and flow.

scholarly journals Exploring the influence of traffic enforcement on speeding behavior on low-speed limit roads

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 168781401989157
Author(s):  
Dan Zhao ◽  
Fengchun Han ◽  
Meng Meng ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Quantao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Traffic Enforcement ◽  
Stated Preference Survey ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
The Impact

Speeding on low-speed limit roads is a common traffic offense in China, which could be due to the mild traffic safety enforcement. The article aims to explicit the impact of traffic enforcement measures on the speeding behavior on low-speed limit roads. First, field data were collected to demonstrate the severity of speeding by investigating speed distribution; second, a virtual traffic enforcement was designed by considering three factors related to traffic enforcement, and a stated preference survey questionnaire including six scenarios was designed and implemented; finally, a series of generalized regret random minimization models were established to study the relationship of speeding behavior and traffic enforcement as well as drivers’ personal characteristics. From the stated preference survey analysis, the research figures out that other vehicles’ average speed is the most important reference to choose speed rather than traffic penalties, and the model estimation results show that speeding violation grows severe if traffic enforcements are lenient. Therefore, increasing the violation costs is a powerful means of lowering the probability of speeding for individual, thus proceeding the drop of vehicles’ average speed, and the fall of average speed will contribute to decrease speeding subsequently.

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