The classification in Para swimming: Analysis of a Paralympic champion’s withdraw case

2020 ◽  
pp. 174795412095352
Author(s):  
Augusto C Barbosa ◽  
Leonardo T Araújo ◽  
Tatiana OC Kanayama ◽  
João Paulo C de Souza ◽  
Thiago F Lourenço ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Speed ◽  
Speed Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Olympic Athlete

This study compared the in-water bilateral leg kick speed difference between a Paralympic and an Olympic athlete. The Paralympic (former S10) was not eligible after his reclassification in 2019, whereas the Olympic was a semi-finalist in 50 m freestyle in Rio 2016. Kick performance was assessed by a speedometer in one push-off ∼15 m maximal kick sprint. Ten complete cycles were analyzed, and the average speed of each leg in each cycle was calculated. Computerized planimetry assessed plantar feet areas. Differences between right and left feet areas were –22% and –2.1% for the Paralympic and Olympic, respectively. The left kick was slower in the Paralympic (p < 0.0001, ES: 2.35, very large), whereas no difference was found for the Olympic (p = 0.55, ES: 0.27, small). There is a substantial bilateral leg kick speed difference for the Paralympic, but not for the Olympic. The impact of Paralympic’s impairment on his kick performance considerably differs when using quantitative and qualitative assessments.

Subtle Impact of Akt1 and Akt3 on Exploratory Behavior in Gene Targeted Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Leibrock ◽  
Michael Hierlmeier ◽  
Undine E. Lang ◽  
Florian Lang
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Closed Area ◽  
Light Area ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Dark Transition

Abstract. The present study explored the impact of Akt1 and Akt3 on behavior. Akt1 (akt1-/-) and Akt3 (akt3-/-) knockout mice were compared to wild type (wt) mice. The akt1-/- mice, akt3-/- mice, and wt mice were similar in most parameters of the open-field test. However, the distance traveled in the center area was slightly but significantly less in akt3-/- mice than in wt mice. In the light/dark transition test akt1-/- mice had significantly lower values than wt mice and akt3-/- mice for distance traveled, number of rearings, rearing time in the light area, as well as time spent and distance traveled in the entrance area. They were significantly different from akt3-/- mice in the distance traveled, visits, number of rearings, rearing time in the light area, as well as time spent, distance traveled, number of rearings, and rearing time in the entrance area. In the O-maze the time spent, and the visits to open arms, as well as the number of protected and unprotected headdips were significantly less in akt1-/- mice than in wt mice, whereas the time spent in closed arms was significantly more in akt1-/- mice than in wt mice. Protected and unprotected headdips were significantly less in akt3-/- mice than in wt mice. In closed area, akt3-/- mice traveled a significantly larger distance at larger average speed than akt1-/- mice. No differences were observed between akt1-/- mice, akt3-/- mice and wt-type mice in the time of floating during the forced swimming test. In conclusion, akt1-/- mice and less so akt3-/ mice display subtle changes in behavior.

scholarly journals Blockchain-based Reputation for Intelligent Transportation Systems

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liviu-Adrian Hîrţan ◽  
Ciprian Dobre ◽  
Horacio González-Vélez
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Intelligent Transportation ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Impact

A disruptive technology often used in finance, Internet of Things (IoT) and healthcare, blockchain can reach consensus within a decentralised network—potentially composed of large amounts of unreliable nodes—and to permanently and irreversibly store data in a tamper-proof manner. In this paper, we present a reputation system for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It considers the users interested in traffic information as the main actors of the architecture. They securely share their data which are collectively validated by other users. Users can choose to employ either such crowd-sourced validated data or data generated by the system to travel between two locations. The data saved is reliable, based on the providers’ reputation and cannot be modified. We present results with a simulation for three cities: San Francisco, Rome and Beijing. We have demonstrated the impact of malicious attacks as the average speed decreased if erroneous information was stored in the blockchain as an implemented routing algorithm guides the honest cars on other free routes, and thus crowds other intersections.

Modelling of the Ultrasonic Shot Peening Process

2005 ◽  
Vol 490-491 ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Pilé ◽  
Manuel François ◽  
Delphine Retraint ◽  
Emmanuelle Rouhaud ◽  
Jian Lu
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Vibration Frequency ◽  
Shot Peening ◽  
Boltzmann Distribution ◽  
Perfect Gas ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Speed Distribution ◽  
Almen Intensity ◽  
Ultrasonic Shot Peening ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this work is to reach a better understanding of the ultrasonic shot-peening process and, in particular, the evolution of the shot speed distribution. A simple 1D modelling of the interaction between the shots and the sonotrode is carried out. The impact is considered as inelastic with an energy absorption that depends on the speed of the shot. It is found that after about 10 interactions (» 1s) the speed distribution in the chamber follows a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, which is the distribution found in a perfect gas at equilibrium. The influence of various process parameters such as the sonotrode amplitude, the vibration frequency on the average speed and on the Almen intensity is studied.

scholarly journals Multi-lane Changing Model with Coupling Driving Intention and Inclination

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangfeng Wang ◽  
Chang Gao ◽  
Zhouyuan Zhu ◽  
Xuedong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Density Flow ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Considering the impact of drivers’ psychology and behaviour, a multi-lane changing model coupling driving intention and inclination is proposed by introducing two quantitative indices of intention: strength of lane changing and risk factor. According to the psychological and behavioural characteristics of aggressive drivers and conservative drivers, the safety conditions for lane changing are designed respectively. The numerical simulations show that the proposed model is suitable for describing the traffic flow with frequent lane changing, which is more consistent with the driving behaviour of drivers in China. Compared with symmetric two-lane cellular automata (STCA) model, the proposed model can improve the average speed of vehicles by 1.04% under different traffic demands when aggressive drivers are in a higher proportion (the threshold of risk factor is 0.4). When the risk factor increases, the average speed shows the polarization phenomenon with the average speed slowing down in big traffic demand. The proposed model can reflect the relationship among density, flow, and speed, and the risk factor has a significant impact on density and flow.

scholarly journals Exploring the influence of traffic enforcement on speeding behavior on low-speed limit roads

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 168781401989157
Author(s):  
Dan Zhao ◽  
Fengchun Han ◽  
Meng Meng ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Quantao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Traffic Enforcement ◽  
Stated Preference Survey ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
The Impact

Speeding on low-speed limit roads is a common traffic offense in China, which could be due to the mild traffic safety enforcement. The article aims to explicit the impact of traffic enforcement measures on the speeding behavior on low-speed limit roads. First, field data were collected to demonstrate the severity of speeding by investigating speed distribution; second, a virtual traffic enforcement was designed by considering three factors related to traffic enforcement, and a stated preference survey questionnaire including six scenarios was designed and implemented; finally, a series of generalized regret random minimization models were established to study the relationship of speeding behavior and traffic enforcement as well as drivers’ personal characteristics. From the stated preference survey analysis, the research figures out that other vehicles’ average speed is the most important reference to choose speed rather than traffic penalties, and the model estimation results show that speeding violation grows severe if traffic enforcements are lenient. Therefore, increasing the violation costs is a powerful means of lowering the probability of speeding for individual, thus proceeding the drop of vehicles’ average speed, and the fall of average speed will contribute to decrease speeding subsequently.

scholarly journals Less Temptation To Exceed The Speed Limit Or Towards Vision Zero

2021 ◽  
Vol 1202 (1) ◽  
pp. 012042
Author(s):  
Viktoras Lapinas ◽  
Mantas Kišonas
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Safety Programme ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vision Zero

Abstract In 2020 the Lithuanian Government approved traffic safety programme Vision Zero. One of the integral measures applied to improve traffic safety and to reduce the number of road traffic infringements is the development of average speed cameras’ network on state significance roads. It is planned that the network of average speed cameras will cover more than 800 km of state significance road network in Lithuania in 2020-2021. Initially, it was planned to implement these measures only on rural roads. However, taking into consideration the principles of road eligibility for average speed camera installation, some road sections crossing the so-called linear settlements were selected to test the impact of such systems on driving habits as well. It is presumed that from the beginning of exploitation of these systems the reduction in the consequences of severe traffic accidents on the selected most dangerous state significance road sections will be observed.

scholarly journals Analisis Dampak Lalulintas Exit Tol Jatikarya Terhadap Jalan Transyogi Cibubur Jawa Barat (Tol Cimanggis-Cibitung)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darmadi Ir
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Traffic Impact ◽  
The Impact

Transyogi Road is the main road used by transportation originating from the Depok city, Bogor district, Bekasi city and Bekasi district. The Transyogi Road and the networks connected to it have experienced a significant increase in traffic density each year, this fact is based on the indicator level of the VC ratio on the Transyogi and surrounding road segments which have reached 0.8 at busy times. With the increase in trips generated from Bekasi Regency and an increase in residential density in Depok and Bogor, it has the potential to increase generation and the traffic attraction from and to the area is affecting by the construction of the Cimanggis - Cibitung toll road. This Traffic Impact Analysis aims to predict the impact of the construction of the Cimanggis - Cibitung Toll Road on the Jatikarya exit, and determine the form of improvement needed, harmonize the decisions regarding land use with traffic conditions, the number and location of access, and alternative improvements . This study method uses 4 (four) transportation modeling, analysis of road capacity, vehicle speed .. From the results of this study, it was concluded that before the toll road the Transyogi road had a performance with a V / C ratio of 0.8 and an average speed of 20 km / hour (if do nothing), while after the exit of the jatikarya toll was operated the V / C ratio was 0.7 and the average speed is 23 km / h (do nothing). While the performance of Transyogi road in the design year 2025 without performing geometric improvements (do nothing) has a road performance with a V / C ratio of 0.98 and an average speed of 12-13 km / hr. While if performance changes are made with capacity building traffic management arrangements, predictive traffic conditions in 2025 traffic performance will be obtained with a v / c ratio of an average of 0.7 with an average speed of 26 km / hour (do something).

scholarly journals Impact of Roadside Fixed Objects in Traffic Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5428-5433
Author(s):  
N. Hazim ◽  
L. Shbeeb ◽  
Z. Abu Salem
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
Lateral Clearance ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Left Lane

Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) assumes that traffic flow rates are equally distributed between lanes, which is not always the case. Lane distribution and speed are influenced by lateral clearance on the roadsides. In Jordan, the absence of well-marked lanes and poor lane discipline results in under-utilizing of the freeway capacity. The objective of this study is to look into the impact of the presence of roadside objects on lane distribution and speed. Test sections were selected on six-lane freeway segments located in sub-urban areas on tangent highway segments. Speed measurements and distribution counts made for each lane on a directional three-lane segment of the freeway. The results showed that lane distribution significantly varies depending on lateral clearance and traffic. As lateral displacement increases, right-lane-use and left-lane-use increases while the middle-lane use remains almost at the same level. Average speed increases as the lateral clearance increases. The results also showed that average speed and lane distribution for 1.5m lateral clearances are very similar to no obstacle conditions. The impact of an obstacle is more significant on the right lane while the use of the left lane fluctuates with a significant increase if traffic flow rates reach high levels.

scholarly journals SWIMMING – THE STRUCTURE AND VOLUME OF TRAINING LOADS IN THE FOUR-YEAR TRAINING CYCLE OF AN ELITE OLYMPIC ATHLETE

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Słomiński ◽  
Aleksandra Nowacka
Keyword(s):  
Training Programme ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Training Cycle ◽  
Measurable Parameter ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Olympic Athlete ◽  
And Training

Abstract Introduction. The improvement of outcomes in sport requires the creation of appropriate conditions for training and the search for more effective forms of its organisation and effective technology. Starting with this belief, the aim of the work is to identify the size and structure of the training loads and determine the effectiveness of the training process of an elite athlete in the Olympic macrocycle (2004-2008). Material and methods. We analysed loads in the four-year training cycle from 2004 to 2008. The parameters of the loads relating to the intensity (T1-T5) and type of training (general, special, and specific) were analysed. The present study also attempted to assess the impact of the work on the results obtained. Due to the nature of the competitive effort, we used the measurable parameter of distance (m, km) in the load analysis depending on the type and intensity of the physical effort. Results. This work reports on the implementation of a specially designed four-year training programme. The material gathered and the conclusions resulting from its analysis have made it possible to identify organisational and training solutions suitable for the athletic proficiency phase. The analysis of training loads indicated that in the training of a highly skilled swimmer, the general work is particularly important and that the largest volume was realised in the second intensity range (T2). Conclusions. The positive training and competition outcomes were the result of a deliberate training process. The training proved to be effective, leading to an increase in the athlete’s training status. This was achieved primarily owing to the training loads, which were accurately planned and implemented according to the special requirements of the race distance and the individual characteristics of the swimmer.

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