Subtle Impact of Akt1 and Akt3 on Exploratory Behavior in Gene Targeted Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Leibrock ◽  
Michael Hierlmeier ◽  
Undine E. Lang ◽  
Florian Lang
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Closed Area ◽  
Light Area ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Dark Transition

Abstract. The present study explored the impact of Akt1 and Akt3 on behavior. Akt1 (akt1-/-) and Akt3 (akt3-/-) knockout mice were compared to wild type (wt) mice. The akt1-/- mice, akt3-/- mice, and wt mice were similar in most parameters of the open-field test. However, the distance traveled in the center area was slightly but significantly less in akt3-/- mice than in wt mice. In the light/dark transition test akt1-/- mice had significantly lower values than wt mice and akt3-/- mice for distance traveled, number of rearings, rearing time in the light area, as well as time spent and distance traveled in the entrance area. They were significantly different from akt3-/- mice in the distance traveled, visits, number of rearings, rearing time in the light area, as well as time spent, distance traveled, number of rearings, and rearing time in the entrance area. In the O-maze the time spent, and the visits to open arms, as well as the number of protected and unprotected headdips were significantly less in akt1-/- mice than in wt mice, whereas the time spent in closed arms was significantly more in akt1-/- mice than in wt mice. Protected and unprotected headdips were significantly less in akt3-/- mice than in wt mice. In closed area, akt3-/- mice traveled a significantly larger distance at larger average speed than akt1-/- mice. No differences were observed between akt1-/- mice, akt3-/- mice and wt-type mice in the time of floating during the forced swimming test. In conclusion, akt1-/- mice and less so akt3-/ mice display subtle changes in behavior.

scholarly journals Antihypernociceptive, Anxiolytic, and Antidepressant Properties of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Dissotis thollonii Cogn. (Melastomataceae) in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Stephanie Flore Djuichou Nguemnang ◽  
Eric Gonzal Tsafack ◽  
Marius Mbiantcha ◽  
Gilbert Ateufack ◽  
William Yousseu Nana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Diabetic neuropathy, which affects 7 to 9% of the world’s population and that is usually accompanied by anxiety and depression, is chronic pain that results from impaired function of the central or peripheral nervous system. This study aimed at evaluating the antihypernociceptive, antiallodynic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant effects of Dissotis thollonii extracts. Diabetic neuropathy was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (200 mg/kg) in mice. The aqueous and ethanol extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg) were administered orally. Hyperalgesia (thermal and chemical), allodynia (mechanical and thermal), anxiety (high plus labyrinth, light-dark box, and social interaction), and depression (open field test, suspension test tail, and forced swimming test) were evaluated, and then the levels of some cytokines and growth factors were determined. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Dissotis thollonii demonstrated significant antihypernociceptive (inhibition of hyperalgesia and allodynia), anxiolytic, and antidepressant activities in mice made diabetic by STZ. The extracts also significantly inhibited (p<0.001) the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the blood as well as the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IGF, and NGF in the sciatic nerve. This study shows that the extracts of Dissotis thollonii have antihypernociceptive and neuroprotective effects which could be linked to the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors in the blood and the sciatic nerve.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Duration and Extent Affect the Effect of Moxibustion on Depression-Like Behaviour in Rats via Regulating the Brain Tryptophan Transport and Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hao Li ◽  
Lan Sang ◽  
Xing Xia ◽  
Ruirui Zhao ◽  
Mingyue Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Depression Effect ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Complex Influence

Moxibustion has been widely accepted as an alternative therapy for major depressive disease (MDD). However, the efficacy of moxibustion treatment on MDD is highly variable because of its irregular operation. This study was designed to investigate how therapeutic duration and extent influence the anti-depression effect of moxibustion and the underlying mechanism involved. Rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior were treated by moxibustion treatment. The anti-depression effect was determined by forced swimming test and open field test. Tryptophan (Trp) transport and its metabolism to serotonin (5-HT) and kynurenine (Kyn) were evaluated to explore the anti-depression mechanism. The results showed that moxibustion treatment could alleviate the depression-like behavior in rats. Trp transport and 5-HT generation were significantly increased, and the Trp-Kyn pathway was moderately inhibited by moxibustion. Prolonged therapy could be beneficial to the anti-depression effect by promoting the brain uptake of Trp and shifting the Trp metabolism to 5-HT. An enhanced therapeutic extent could increase 5-HT generation. In conclusion, this study determined that the anti-depression effect of moxibustion involves improved Trp transport and metabolism. The therapeutic duration benefits antidepressant effects, but the complex influence of the therapeutic extent on moxibustion efficacy requires further studies.

scholarly journals Antidepressant-Like Effect ofIlex paraguariensisin Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizete De Moraes Reis ◽  
Francisco Waldomiro Schreiner Neto ◽  
Vitória Berg Cattani ◽  
Luis Ricardo Peroza ◽  
Alcindo Busanello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase Activity ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Thiol Content ◽  
Swimming Test

In this study, we investigated the possible antidepressant-like effect ofI. paraguariensisin rats. Rats were treated for four weeks with an aqueous extract ofI. paraguariensisin drinking water, following the traditional preparation of this beverage. After the period of treatment, behavioral (elevated plus-maze, open field test, and forced swimming test) and biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation assay, thiol content, vitamin C levels, and monoamine oxidase activity) were evaluated. Animals were also analyzed on forced swimming test after 24 hours ofI. paraguariensisintake. An additional group was injected with selegiline 24 hours and 30 minutes before forced swimming test as positive control. HPLC analysis revealed the profile ofI. paraguariensisextract.I. paraguariensisreduced the immobility time on forced swimming test without significant changes in locomotor activity in the open field test. Any anxiolytic/anxiogenic effect ofI. paraguariensiswas observed in rats through the elevated plus-maze test. The antidepressant-like effect ofI. paraguariensiswas not accompanied by inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase activity. There were no significant alterations on lipid peroxidation, thiol content, and vitamin C levels among the groups. In conclusion, aqueous extract ofI. paraguariensisdecreases the time of immobility in rats suggesting an antidepressant-like effect.

Sex and age differences in the impact of the forced swimming test on the levels of steroid hormones

2011 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 900-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Martínez-Mota ◽  
Rosa-Elena Ulloa ◽  
Jaime Herrera-Pérez ◽  
Roberto Chavira ◽  
Alonso Fernández-Guasti
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

scholarly journals Age differences in the impact of forced swimming test on serotonin transporter levels in lateral septum and dorsal raphe

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa-Elena Ulloa ◽  
Aliyeri Díaz-Valderrama ◽  
Jaime Herrera-Pérez ◽  
Martha León-Olea ◽  
Lucía Martínez-Mota
Keyword(s):  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Dorsal Raphe ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Lateral Septum ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dorsal Raphé

scholarly journals Alpha-terpineol: evaluation and pharmacological screening as an antidepressant agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e191101119571
Author(s):  
Amanda Fonseca Costa Assunção ◽  
Nícolas Davidson Sérvulo Rodrigues ◽  
Andreia Viana da Costa Sampaio ◽  
Karolinny dos Santos Silva ◽  
Laryssa Roque da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Antidepressant Action

Objective: To evaluate the possible antidepressant effects of alpha-terpineol in rodents. Material and Methods: Depression levels were analyzed by comparing the total immobility time presented by the animals of the experimental groups in the test session, using the Forced Swimming Test and the Tail Suspension Test. The parameters of locomotion (central, peripheral and total) and motor coordination were evaluated in the Open Field Test and in the Rota Rod Test, respectively. In the second stage, the involvement of the noradrenergic system in the antidepressant action of alpha-terpineol in Forced Swimming Test was investigated. Results and Discussion: After performing the experimental tests, it was observed that the animals that received alpha-terpineol had reduced immobility time in Forced Swimming Test and Tail Suspension Test, compared to the other groups. In the Open Field Test and Rota-rod, the mice showed, respectively, good exploratory activity and motor coordination during the tests. In addition, the study of the Noradrenergic System proved to be a promising mechanism used during its antidepressant action. Conclusion: In view of the results of the experimental tests, alpha-terpineol presented similar responses to those found in other monoterpenes investigated in the literature. Thus, it is shown as a promising antidepressant to be used clinically in humans, with less side effects and low production cost.

scholarly journals Angiostrongylus cantonensis causes cognitive impairments in heavily infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Yuan Jhan ◽  
Guan-Jhih Lai ◽  
Pi-Kai Chang ◽  
Ren-Yu Tang ◽  
Chien-Ju Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Dietary Consumption ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Behavior Learning ◽  
Swimming Test

Abstract Background: Parasitic infections may cause significant effects on behavior, learning, and memory of the hosts. In the brain of mice heavily infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis, severe damages have been observed in the hippocampus. This component has been considered to have associations with spatial learning and memory in human and vertebrates. This study was designed to determine the impairments in behavior, learning, and memory in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice heavily infected with the parasite. Methods: Each mouse was inoculated with 50 third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis. After infection, daily changes in weight and dietary consumption, worm recoveries and survival rates were determined. The forced swimming test, open field test, and Morris water maze test were employed to evaluate depression- and anxiety-like behavior as well as impairments in spatial learning and memory, respectively. In addition, in the two strains of mice were also determined. Results: The worm recovery rate in the BALB/c mice was significantly lower than that of C57BL/6 mice since day 14 post-infection. The survival rate in infected BALB/c mice decreased to 0% by day 25 whereas those with swim-training survived three more days. On day 42, the C57BL/6 mice had a survival rate of 85.7% in the swimming group and 70% in the non-swimming group. Significant differences were found in weight between infected and non-infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice since day 13 and day 12, respectively with corresponding changes in the dietary consumption. Depression-like behavior was found in the infected BALB/c mice but not in C57BL/6 mice. However, anxiety-like behavior was found to occur only in C57BL/6 mice. Impaired spatial learning and memory were also found in the two strains of mice occurred since day 14 post-infection. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate that A. cantonensis causes depression, anxiety, and impairments in spatial learning and memory in heavily infected mice. Moreover, significantly higher severity was observed in the Th-2 dominant BALB/c mice. Keywords: Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis, mice, behavior, learning, memory, forced swimming test, open field test, Morris water maze test

scholarly journals Depressive-Like Behavior Induced by Long-Term Ouabain Administration Accompanied Alteration in Neuroinflammation Parameters in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira S. Valvassori ◽  
Jorge M. Aguiar-Geraldo ◽  
Taise Possamai-Della ◽  
Dayane D. da-Rosa ◽  
Samira Menegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hyperactive Behavior ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters ◽  
Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract Objective: The present study aims to investigate the effects of Lithium (Li) on manic- and depressive-like behaviors and inflammatory parameters in rats submitted to the bipolar disorder (BD) model induced by ouabain (OUA). Material and methods: Adult male rats received a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of OUA or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). On the fourth day after the ICV injection, the rats received intraperitoneal injections of saline (NaCl 0.9%) or Li (47.5 mg/kg), two times a day, for 14 days. On the seventh day after OUA injection, the locomotor activity was assessed (open field test), and on the fourteenth day, locomotion was evaluated again, which was followed by the forced swimming test to evaluate depressive-like behavior. After euthanasia, inflammatory parameters were evaluated in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Results: After seven days of OUA administration, the animals showed a hyperactive behavior that was reversed by treatment with Li. After 14 days of ICV injections, rats exhibited a depressive behavior. Regarding the inflammatory parameters, measured after 14 days of the ICV infusions, OAU induced an increase in the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1. In contrast, Li treatment decreased these parameters. Conclusion: The animal model of BD induced by an OUA is able to induce neuroinflammation, which supports its construct validity for the BD research.

scholarly journals Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder Reduced the Scratching Behavior Exaggerated by Chronic Psychological Stress in Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoyi Liu ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Shujun Zhang ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Peng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Condensation Product ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Swimming Test

Abstract Objective: To explore the efficacy and possible mechanism of Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder in the treatment of scratching behavior worsened by psychological factors. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were divided into control group (CON group), chronic WAS group(WAS group) and chronic WAS + Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder group(DZX group). All mice excluded control group were exposed to 1 h water avoidance stress (WAS) for ten consecutive days. DZX group were given Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder solution by intragastric administration every day, and the other two groups were given the same amount of saline. Twenty-four hours after the last stress session, the mice were injected into the back of the neck with a condensation product of N-methyl-p- methoxyphenethylamine with formaldehyde (compound 48/80), and their scratching behavior was then observed for 120 min. The scratching number was recorded, th histamine levels in the plasma were examined, and the behavioral changes of depression in mice before and after treatment were observed by open field test and forced swimming test. Results: The scratching number was significantly higher in the WAS group than in the DZX group, which still higher than in the CON group. The peak histamine in the plasma after the compound 48/80 injection were also significantly higher in the WAS group in comparison to the DZX group. In terms of depression behavior, the number of standing in the DZX group was more than that in the WAS group and less than that in the CON group, and the immobility time in the forced swimming test was less than that in the WAS group and more than that in the CON group. Conclusion: Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder can relieve the scratching behavior of mice under the influence of WAS, and its possible mechanism is to control the release of histamine and improve the depressive state of mice.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document