Comparing total cost of ownership of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles

Energy Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 112564
Author(s):  
Zhe Liu ◽  
Juhyun Song ◽  
Joseph Kubal ◽  
Naresh Susarla ◽  
Kevin W. Knehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Cost Of Ownership

A simulation-based concept design approach for combustion engine and battery electric vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (7) ◽  
pp. 1950-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Holjevac ◽  
Federico Cheli ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Computer Aided Engineering ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Effective Design

The early concept design of a vehicle is becoming increasingly crucial to determine the success of a car. Broadening market competition, more stringent regulations and fast technological changes require a prompt response from carmakers, and computer-aided engineering has emerged in recent years as the promising way to provide more efficient and cost-effective design and to cut development time and costs. The work presented in this paper shows an approach based on computer-aided engineering to determine vehicle’s energy consumption and performance. The different vehicle’s subsystem are first analyzed separately by using dedicated simulation tools and then integrated to obtain the entire vehicle. The work covers a wide range of vehicle layouts. Internal combustion engine vehicles and battery electric vehicles are considered and various transmission configurations are contemplated with respect to some of the most adopted solutions for these vehicles. The simulation results allow to identify the most effective design variables regarding the combustion engine and the electric motor and to compare the different layouts over various car segments. The results clearly point out that for internal combustion engine vehicles, the combustion engine is the crucial component that defines the vehicle’s characteristics and particularly the energy consumption. Conversely, battery electric vehicles show a more balanced distribution of the losses, and therefore to improve the vehicle’s behavior, different components should be considered in detail. Nevertheless, the choice of the number of electric motors and the transmission choice play a significant role in defining the vehicle performances.

scholarly journals Criticality Assessment of the Life Cycle of Passenger Vehicles Produced in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Sun ◽  
Vanessa Bach ◽  
Matthias Finkbeiner ◽  
Jianxin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicle ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Criticality Assessment

AbstractChina is globally the largest and a rapidly growing market for electric vehicles. The aim of the paper is to determine challenges related to criticality and environmental impacts of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles, focusing not only on a global but also the Chinese perspective, applying the ESSENZ method, which covers a unique approach to determine criticality aspects as well as integrating life cycle assessment results. Real industry data for vehicles and batteries produced in China was collected. Further, for the criticality assessment, Chinese import patterns are analyzed. The results show that the battery electric vehicle has similar and partly increased environmental impacts compared with the internal combustion engine vehicle. For both, the vehicle cycle contributes to a large proportion in all the environmental impact categories except for global warming. Further, battery electric vehicles show a higher criticality than internal combustion engine vehicles, with tantalum, lithium, and cobalt playing essential roles. In addition, the Chinese-specific results show a lower criticality compared to the global assessment for the considered categories trade barriers and political stability, while again tantalum crude oil and cobalt have high potential supply disruptions. Concluding, battery electric vehicles still face challenges regarding their environmental as well as criticality performance from the whole supply chain both in China and worldwide. One reason is the replacement of the lithium-ion power battery. By enhancing its quality and establishing battery recycling, the impacts of battery electric vehicle would decrease.

Booking Behavior of Free-Floating Carsharing Users

2017 ◽  
Vol 2650 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Niels ◽  
Klaus Bogenberger
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Important Decision

In recent years, the services of free-floating carsharing (FFCS) systems have gained popularity, especially in urban areas. Some FFCS operators are now including battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in their fleets. This addition is especially beneficial for cities and their inhabitants, as BEVs are locally emission free and move more quietly. However, how FFCS customers react to the new technology has not yet been empirically analyzed. By combining the app call and booking data of an FFCS operator in Munich, Germany, this study assessed the preferences of customers when booking a specific car and evaluated the attractiveness of the fleet’s BEVs. With the consideration of the spatial availability encountered when the mobile phone app was opening, the study found that the distance to the nearest available car was the most important decision criterion for customers. If a car had been available within 200 m, the probability that customers booked a car would have been twice as great compared with the case that the nearest vehicle had been 500 m away (100 m ≈ 0.06 mi). In addition, the majority of the customers booked the nearest available car. Nevertheless, certain qualities of vehicles made users walk to a car that was farther away. The study identified popular vehicle models and found that customers preferred to use the fleet’s BEVs, independent of the battery level. BEVs were used for almost the same distances as internal combustion engine vehicles and were suitable for most use cases: more than 80% of the FFCS trips covered a distance of at most 20 km (≈12.4 mi).

scholarly journals Assessment of the Total Cost of Ownership of Electric Vehicles in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4806
Author(s):  
Sendek-Matysiak Ewelina ◽  
Krzysztof Grysa
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Automotive Market ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
The Cost

Eliminating environmental and air pollution is one of the European Union’s priority actions in the field of transport. Poland, as a member of the European Community, is also actively involved in these activities. The flagship project, the implementation of which is expected to bring tangible effects in this respect, is the “Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until 2030”. It states that in 2030 there should be 600,000 BEVs (battery electric vehicles) on Polish roads. At present, the share of such vehicles in the automotive market in Poland is small, which is a result of a number of barriers. One of them, very important considering the preferences of Poles, is the cost of buying such a car, which is currently at least 40% higher than its counterpart with a combustion engine. Meanwhile, popularizers of electric cars believe that the cost of buying such a vehicle is offset by the subsequent costs associated with its operation. Hence, this paper determines and then compares the total purchase and operating costs of cars of the same make, same model, differing in the source of propulsion, to category M1. Cars in this category represent the largest share of the automotive market in Poland—over 75%. The main objective of the analysis conducted was to determine if a current electric passenger vehicle can be competitive with an internal combustion car in everyday use. Therefore, a relationship was developed to calculate the total cost of ownership, which takes into account all the key criteria from the point of view of private vehicle use. The utilitarian value of this research may be supported by the fact that the example of Poland and its problems concerning the issue in question may serve as a source of preliminary analysis for other countries.

scholarly journals Fuel cells as a future of automotive industry: A review of current developments

2021 ◽  
Vol 2061 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
S N Andriyashin ◽  
N I Shurov
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
The Future

Abstract Fuel cells are more and more applied in the automotive industry in recent decades. This applies to both special equipment, such as forklifts, and personal automobiles. They are already serious competitors for BEVs (battery electric vehicles) and will likely compete with ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicles in the future. This study provides an overview of the latest developments in the use of fuel cells in transport.

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