Are tenants willing to pay for energy efficiency? Evidence from a small-scale spatial analysis in Germany

Energy Policy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 112753
Author(s):  
Steven März ◽  
Ines Stelk ◽  
Franziska Stelzer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Small Scale

A small-scale spatial analysis system for maritime Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil T.M. Hamilton ◽  
K.D. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Analysis System

scholarly journals An Integrated Spatial Analysis Computer Environment for Urban-Building Energy in Cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sun ◽  
Elisabete Silva ◽  
Wei Tian ◽  
Ruchi Choudhary ◽  
Hong Leng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Modeling ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Scale Efficiency ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Analysis Environment

In this paper, we developed a new integrated analysis environment in order to thoroughly analyses urban-building energy patterns, named IUBEA (integrated urban building energy analysis), which focuses on energy modeling and analysis of a city’s building stock to support district or city-scale efficiency programs. It is argued that cities and towns account for more than two-thirds of world energy consumption. Thus, this paper explores techniques to integrate a spatial analysis environment in the field of urban building energy assessment in cites to make full use of current spatial data relevant to urban-building energy consumption and energy efficiency policies. We illustrate how multi-scale sampling and analysis for energy consumption and simulate the energy-saving scenarios by taking as an example of Greater London. In the final part, is an application of an agent-based model (ABM) in IUBEA regarding behavioral and economic characteristics of building stocks in the context of building energy efficiency. This paper first describes the basic concept for this integrated spatial analysis environment IUBEA. Then, this paper discusses the main functions for this new environment in detail. The research serves a new paradigm of the multi-scale integrated analysis that can lead to an efficient energy model, which contributes the body of knowledge of energy modeling beyond the single building scale. Findings also proved that ABM is a feasible tool to tackle intellectual challenges in energy modeling. The final adoption example of Greater London demonstrated that the integrated analysis environment as a feasible tool for building energy consumption have unique advantages and wide applicability.

Energy efficiency and the CDM in South Africa: constraints and opportunities

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Winkler ◽  
D. Van Es
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Demand Side Management ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Barriers To Energy Efficiency

Energy-efficiency projects were expected to consti-tute an important project type under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). In South Africa, there is significant potential for energy savings in several sectors. The savings possible in industry have been demonstrated through plant-level energy audits, measurement and verification of Eskom’s Demand Side Management (DSM) programme and national energy modelling. Enabling policy for energy efficiency and demand-side management has been adopted by government and the utility, Eskom. A dedicated National Energy Efficiency Agency (NEEA) was established in 2006. Yet, energy-efficiency still fails to realise its potential. The paper seeks to dispel the misconception that energy efficiency projects might not be ‘additional’ under the CDM. Analysis of barriers, which is well understood by those dealing with energy efficiency, can be used to demonstrate additionality. A stan-dard tool for demonstrating additionality is now available, as are baseline methodologies for both large and small-scale CDM projects. It should, therefore, be clear that energy efficiency projects are not a priori ruled out as non-additional. Each proj-ect has to demonstrate additionality, as for any other project type. Finances are available from various sources, and the CDM can offer further funding for initial costs, or in removing the barriers to energy-efficiency projects. Internationally, energy efficiency initially did not account for large numbers of CDM projects, nor a major share of carbon credits. With the recent growth in CDM projects, however, the numbers of energy-efficiency projects are increasing internation-ally. In South Africa, analysis of the emerging CDM portfolio shows that energy-efficiency projects are much better represented at the concept stage than in fully designed CDM projects.The major elements for implementing energy-efficiency projects exist – dedicated institutions, enabling policy frameworks, approved methodolo-gies and even an electricity crisis to raise awareness. Funding is available from various sources, and the CDM can offer further funding for initial costs or in removing the barriers to energy-efficiency projects. The CDM rules should soon allow for registration of entire programmes, which could include energy-efficiency standards or demand-side management. Innovative financing solutions such as clean energy lending can assist as well. All that seems to be needed is a concerted effort to realise the potential. Such efforts could be driven by the Designated National Authority or the National Energy Efficiency Agency. Together with initiatives from the private sector, a dedicated effort might help South Africa find a clear route for ener-gy-efficiency projects under the CDM in South Africa.

Energy efficiency in small-scale biointensive organic onion production in Pennsylvania, USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food System ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Sustainable Food System

AbstractModern agriculture relies heavily on fossil energy for food production. Reducing fossil energy and replacing that energy with renewable energy is critical in attaining a sustainable food system. Hand-scale intensive food production offers a reduction in fossil energy and an increased use of renewable human-based energy. Using biointensive production techniques, onions (Allium cepa) were grown in Pennsylvania, USA. A life-cycle analysis was performed to monitor energy utilization. Individual human labor tasks were evaluated using the factor method. This method accounts for the type and duration of physical activity. The average yield of eight onion varieties utilizing biointensive production in standard-sized beds (9.3 m2;100 ft2) was 160.2 kg. The US average for mechanical onion production is 46.1 kg/9.3 m2 (100 ft2). The energy efficiency ratio, specific energy and energy productivity were 51.5, 0.03 MJ kg−1 and 32.2 kg MJ−1 (MJ=megajoule), respectively. When defined within common boundaries, these three relationships: energy input, energy output and yield productivity allow researchers, farmers and policy-makers to select production systems and/or practices that better manage fossil and renewable energy for food production. Current mechanized agriculture has an energy efficiency ratio of 0.9. With most energy being supplied by fossil fuels. The energy efficiency for biointensive production of onions in our study was over 50 times higher than this value (51.5) and 83% of the total energy required is renewable energy. Biointensive production offers a viable energy use alternative to current production practices and may contribute to a more sustainable food system.

Externally Fired Micro Gas Turbine and ORC Bottoming Cycle: Optimal Biomass/Natural Gas CHP Configuration for Residential Energy Demand

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Mario Camporeale ◽  
Patrizia Domenica Ciliberti ◽  
Bernardo Fortunato ◽  
Marco Torresi ◽  
Antonio Marco Pantaleo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Residential Energy ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Residential Energy Demand ◽  
Heat Demand

Small scale Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants present lower electric efficiency in comparison to large scale ones, and this is particularly true when biomass fuels are used. In most cases, the use of both heat and electricity to serve on site energy demand is a key issue to achieve acceptable global energy efficiency and investment profitability. However, the heat demand follows a typical daily and seasonal pattern and is influenced by climatic conditions, in particular in the case of residential and tertiary end users. During low heat demand periods, a lot of heat produced by the CHP plant is discharged. In order to increase the electric conversion efficiency of small scale micro turbine for heat and power cogeneration, a bottoming ORC system can be coupled to the cycle, however this option reduces the temperature and quantity of cogenerated heat available to the load. In this perspective, the paper presents the results of a thermo-economic analysis of small scale CHP plants composed by a micro gas turbine (MGT) and a bottoming Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), serving a typical residential energy demand. For the topping cycle three different configurations are examined: 1) a simple recuperative micro gas turbine fuelled by natural gas (NG), 2) a dual fuel EFGT cycle, fuelled by biomass and natural gas (50% energy input) (DF) and 3) an externally fired gas turbine (EFGT) with direct combustion of biomass (B). The bottoming cycle is a simple saturated Rankine cycle with regeneration and no superheating. The ORC cycle and the fluid selection are optimized on the basis of the available exhaust gas temperature at the turbine exit. The research assesses the influence of the thermal energy demand typology (residential demand with cold, mild and hot climate conditions) and CHP plant operational strategies (baseload vs heat driven vs electricity driven operation mode) on the global energy efficiency and profitability of the following three configurations: A) MGT with cogeneration; B) MGT+ ORC without cogeneration; C) MGT+ORC with cogeneration. In all cases, a back-up boiler is assumed to match the heat demand of the load (fed by natural gas or biomass). The research explores the profitability of bottoming ORC in view of the following tradeoffs: (i) lower energy conversion efficiency and higher investment cost of high biomass input rate with respect to natural gas; (ii) higher efficiency but higher costs and reduced heat available for cogeneration in the bottoming ORC; (ii) higher primary energy savings and revenues from feed-in tariff available for biomass electricity fed into the grid.

Process Optimization of One-Stage Propane Pre-Cooled MRC Cycle for Small-Scale LNG Plant

2012 ◽  
Vol 516-517 ◽  
pp. 1184-1187
Author(s):  
Heng Sun ◽  
Dan Shu ◽  
Hong Mei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Process ◽  
One Stage ◽  
High Energy Efficiency ◽  
The One

One-stage pre-cooled mixture refrigerant cycle can be applied in small-scale LNG plant and be special suitable for skit mounted LNG plant. It has different character with the C3MR cycle used in large-scale LNG plant. The optimization of the mixture refrigerant is carried out using HYSYS software. The effect of the main process parameters on the performance of the cycle is calculated and discussed. The result shows that appropriate ranges of the process parameters exist. Higher and lower values of the parameters will increase the energy consumption significantly. The results also indicate that the optimization of the one-stage pre-cooled mixture refrigerant cycle can obtain rather high energy efficiency that is competitive with that of the SMR which is widely employed in small-scale LNG plant.

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