Cognitive characteristics of unipolar (major depressive disorder) and bipolar depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S374-S374 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Suciu ◽  
R. Paunescu ◽  
I. Miclutia
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Global Functioning ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Depressive Episodes

IntroductionImpairment in cognitive performance is an important characteristic in many psychiatric illnesses, such as Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. Initially, cognitive dysfunctions were considered to be present only in acute depressive episodes and to improve after symptoms recovered. Reports have described persistent cognitive deficits even after significant improvement of depressive symptoms.Aims/ObjectivesWe wanted to understand the dimension of cognitive impairment in unipolar and bipolar depression and also to underline the differences between cognitive profiles of patients diagnosed within the two mentioned disorders.MethodThis review examined recent literature about unipolar and bipolar depression.ResultsBoth depressed patients presented cognitive deficits in several cognitive domains. Different aspects of attention were altered in both patients but impairment in shifting attention appeared specific to unipolar disorder while impaired sustained attention was particular for bipolar disorder. Both types of patients showed memory deficits that were associated with poor global functioning. Two recent studies described that bipolar depressed subjects were more impaired across all cognitive domains than unipolar depressed subjects on tests assessing verbal memory, verbal fluency, attention and executive functions. The most consistently deficits were displayed on measures of executive functioning – such as tasks requiring problem solving, planning, decision making – suggesting that this cognitive domain is a trait-marker for depression.ConclusionsCognitive deficits are present in both disorders during a depressive episode but they display slightly different patterns of impairment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Comparison of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder and in major depressive disorder within bipolar disorder pedigrees

2011 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip B. Mitchell ◽  
Andrew Frankland ◽  
Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic ◽  
Gloria Roberts ◽  
Justine Corry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Psychomotor Retardation ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Depressive Episodes

BackgroundAlthough genetic epidemiological studies have confirmed increased rates of major depressive disorder among the relatives of people with bipolar affective disorder, no report has compared the clinical characteristics of depression between these two groups.AimsTo compare clinical features of depressive episodes across participants with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder from within bipolar disorder pedigrees, and assess the utility of a recently proposed probabilistic approach to distinguishing bipolar from unipolar depression. A secondary aim was to identify subgroups within the relatives with major depression potentially indicative of ‘genetic’ and ‘sporadic’ subgroups.MethodPatients with bipolar disorder types 1 and 2 (n = 246) and patients with major depressive disorder from bipolar pedigrees (n = 120) were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. Logistic regression was used to identify distinguishing clinical features and assess the utility of the probabilistic approach. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify subgroups within the major depressive disorder sample.ResultsBipolar depression was characterised by significantly higher rates of psychomotor retardation, difficulty thinking, early morning awakening, morning worsening and psychotic features. Depending on the threshold employed, the probabilistic approach yielded a positive predictive value ranging from 74% to 82%. Two clusters within the major depressive disorder sample were found, one of which demonstrated features characteristic of bipolar depression, suggesting a possible ‘genetic’ subgroup.ConclusionsA number of previously identified clinical differences between unipolar and bipolar depression were confirmed among participants from within bipolar disorder pedigrees. Preliminary validation of the probabilistic approach in differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression is consistent with dimensional distinctions between the two disorders and offers clinical utility in identifying patients who may warrant further assessment for bipolarity. The major depressive disorder clusters potentially reflect genetic and sporadic subgroups which, if replicated independently, might enable an improved phenotypic definition of underlying bipolarity in genetic analyses.

scholarly journals Mechanism of action of cariprazine

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Major Depressive

Cariprazine is a new therapeutic agent recently approved for the treatment of both schizophrenia and manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder, and is under investigation for the treatment of both bipolar depression and major depressive disorder.

Comparing the Phenomenology of Depressive Episodes in Bipolar I and II Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder Within Bipolar Disorder Pedigrees

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (01) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Frankland ◽  
Ester Cerrillo ◽  
Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic ◽  
Gloria Roberts ◽  
Adam Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Depressive Episodes

scholarly journals Clinical differences between bipolar and unipolar depression

2008 ◽  
Vol 192 (5) ◽  
pp. 388-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Forty ◽  
Daniel Smith ◽  
Lisa Jones ◽  
Ian Jones ◽  
Sian Caesar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Symptom Profiles ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Course Variables ◽  
Depressive Episodes

SummaryIt is commonly – but wrongly – assumed that there are no important differences between the clinical presentations of major depressive disorder and bipolar depression. Here we compare clinical course variables and depressive symptom profiles in a large sample of individuals with major depressive disorder (n=593) and bipolar disorder (n=443). Clinical characteristics associated with a bipolar course included the presence of psychosis, diurnal mood variation and hypersomnia during depressive episodes, and a greater number of shorter depressive episodes. Such features should alert a clinician to a possible bipolar course. This is important because optimal management is not the same for bipolar and unipolar depression.

scholarly journals Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between children and adolescents with major depressive disorder

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Fu-I ◽  
Yuan Pang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Global Functioning ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Depressive Episodes

OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical characteristics of major depressive disorder symptoms between children and adolescents. METHOD: The subjects were 58 patients of a Child and Adolescent Affective Disorder Clinic consecutively admitted during a six-month period. Children aged 5-9 years old and adolescents from 10-17 years old currently meeting DSM-IV criteria diagnosis of major depressive disorder were chosen. Current MDD diagnosis and depressive psychopathology were assessed by a clinical interview and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-DSM-IV version. The Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised Version and the Children Global Assessment Scale rated the severity and global functioning of major depressive disorder. RESULTS: The most common depressive symptoms were: anhedonia (72.4%), depressed mood (72.4%), decreased concentration (62.1%), and irritability (58.6%). The intensity of depressive episodes of this sample ranged from mild to moderate. Fifty percent reported thoughts of death, and 29.3% presented a variety of psychotic symptoms. When compared with children, adolescents reported a significantly more depressed mood (p = 0.043), lower self-esteem (p = 0.002), and had more difficulty concentrating (p = 0.020). Female adolescents had lower self-esteem (p = 0.003), and male adolescents showed more decreased concentration (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that age and gender differences might influence the clinical presentation of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. Further studies with larger samples are needed.

scholarly journals Cognitive impairment in major depressive disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihang Pan ◽  
Caroline Park ◽  
Elisa Brietzke ◽  
Hannah Zuckerman ◽  
Carola Rong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Neurobiological Substrates

Cognitive dysfunction is a symptomatic domain identified across many mental disorders. Cognitive deficits in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) contribute significantly to occupational and functional disability. Notably, cognitive subdomains such as learning and memory, executive functioning, processing speed, and attention and concentration are significantly impaired during, and between, episodes in individuals with MDD. Most antidepressants have not been developed and/or evaluated for their ability to directly and independently ameliorate cognitive deficits. Multiple interacting neurobiological mechanisms (eg, neuroinflammation) are implicated as subserving cognitive deficits in MDD. A testable hypothesis, with preliminary support, posits that improving performance across cognitive domains in individuals with MDD may improve psychosocial function, workplace function, quality of life, and other patient-reported outcomes, independent of effects on core mood symptoms. Herein we aim to (1) provide a rationale for prioritizing cognitive deficits as a therapeutic target, (2) briefly discuss the neurobiological substrates subserving cognitive dysfunction, and (3) provide an update on current and future treatment avenues.

scholarly journals Individuals with bipolar disorder have a higher level of peripheral uric acid than major depressive disorder: a case-control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Lu ◽  
Yingtan Wang ◽  
Guanglei Xun
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: At present, no well-established biomarkers were ever found to distinguish unipolar depression (UD) and bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to provide a clearer comparison of UA levels between BD and major depressive disorder. Methods: Peripheral UA of 119 patients with BD in acute stage (AS) and 77 in remission stage (RS), and 95 patients with UD in AS and 61 in RS were measured, so were 180 healthy controls. Results: UA levels in BD group were higher than UD and HC groups regardless of the AS or RS, while differences in UA levels between UD group and HC group were not significant. Differences in UA levels of BD-M (bipolar mania/hypomania) were higher than BD-D (bipolar depression) subgroups, and UA levels of BD-M and BD-D subgroups were higher than UD and HC groups. The comparison of number of participants with hyperuricemia among groups confirmed the above results. There were no significant differences in UA levels of between drug-use and drug-free/naïve subgroups. Conclusion: The study suggests patients with BD had a higher level of UA than UD, especially in mania episode.

scholarly journals Is low cognitive functioning a predictor or consequence of major depressive disorder? A test in two longitudinal birth cohorts

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Schaefer ◽  
Matthew A. Scult ◽  
Avshalom Caspi ◽  
Louise Arseneault ◽  
Daniel W. Belsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Past History ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Depressive Episodes

AbstractCognitive impairment has been identified as an important aspect of major depressive disorder (MDD). We tested two theories regarding the association between MDD and cognitive functioning using data from longitudinal cohort studies. One theory, thecognitive reserve hypothesis, suggests that higher cognitive ability in childhood decreases risk of later MDD. The second, thescarring hypothesis, instead suggests that MDD leads to persistent cognitive deficits following disorder onset. We tested both theories in the Dunedin Study, a population-representative cohort followed from birth to midlife and assessed repeatedly for both cognitive functioning and psychopathology. We also used data from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study to test whether childhood cognitive functioning predicts future MDD risk independent of family-wide and genetic risk using a discordant twin design. Contrary to both hypotheses, we found that childhood cognitive functioning did not predict future risk of MDD, nor did study members with a past history of MDD show evidence of greater cognitive declineunlessMDD was accompanied by other comorbid psychiatric conditions. Our results thus suggest that low cognitive functioning is related to comorbidity, but is neither an antecedent nor an enduring consequence of MDD. Future research may benefit from considering cognitive deficits that occur during depressive episodes from a transdiagnostic perspective.

scholarly journals Clinical Features of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder Depressive Episodes With Mixed Features 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Wang ◽  
Yan-Xia Xiao ◽  
Jing-Ge Du ◽  
Xia Du ◽  
Lin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Onset Age ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Mixed Features ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Abstract Background: To investigate the clinical phenomenology and clinical features of the new concept of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder depressive episodes with mixed features.Methods: A total of 357 patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder depressive episodes were assessed, we compared the differences of clinical features with or without mixed features.Results: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria, the overall prevalence of mixed features was 9.52% (34/357) in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder depressive episodes; specifically, the prevalence was 6.0% in major depressive disorder and 23.3% in bipolar disorder depressive episodes. Compared with the non-mixed features group, the mixed features group had more single individuals (P=0.002), earlier onset age (P=0.003), more patients with an onset age <25 years (P=0.001), and more previous incidences and prior hospitalizations (P<0.001, P=0.004, respectively), and fewer melancholic features (P=0.013).Logistic regression analysis showed that marital status (OR=0.237) and previous incidence (OR=1.478) was associated with mixed features.Conclusion: It indicates that previous incidence may be a risk factor of in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder depressive episodes with mixed features, and marital status may be a protective factor.

Are major depression and bipolar disorder neuropsychologically distinct? A meta-analysis of comparative studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Samamé ◽  
A.G. Szmulewicz ◽  
M.P. Valerio ◽  
D.J. Martino ◽  
S.A. Strejilevich
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Depressive Episodes

AbstractBackgroundNeuropsychological deficits are present in both major depression and bipolar disorder. So far, however, reports directly comparing these mood disorders with regard to cognitive outcomes have been scant and yielded inconsistent results. This work aims to combine the findings of comparative studies of cognition in major depression and bipolar disorder in order to explore whether these neuropsychiatric conditions present with distinct cognitive features.MethodsThe main online databases were extensively searched to retrieve reports assessing neurocognitive functioning in two groups of mood disorder patients, one with major depressive disorder and another with bipolar disorder, both in the same phase of illness. Between-group effect sizes for cognitive variables were obtained from selected studies and pooled by means of meta-analytic procedures.ResultsDuring euthymia, a significant overall effect size (Hedges’g = 0.64, P < 0.001) favoring major depressive disorder was found for verbal memory as assessed with list learning tests, whereas no significant between-group differences were found for the remaining variables analyzed. During depressive episodes, similar cognitive outcomes were observed between groups.ConclusionAt present, it is not possible to postulate specific neuropsychological profiles for major depression and bipolar disorder in light of available evidence. It remains to be ascertained whether the differences found for verbal memory constitute an expression of distinct underlying mechanisms or whether they are best explained by sample characteristics or differential exposure to variables with a negative impact on cognition.

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