Insect alarm pheromones in response to predators: Ecological trade-offs and molecular mechanisms

2020 ◽  
pp. 103514
Author(s):  
Saumik Basu ◽  
Robert E. Clark ◽  
Zhen Fu ◽  
Benjamin W. Lee ◽  
David W. Crowder
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Alarm Pheromones ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Exploiting evolutionary trade-offs for posttreatment management of drug-resistant populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17924-17931
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Melnikov ◽  
David L. Stevens ◽  
Xian Fu ◽  
Hui Si Kwok ◽  
Jin-Tao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Molecular Defect ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Resistant Cells

Antibiotic resistance frequently evolves through fitness trade-offs in which the genetic alterations that confer resistance to a drug can also cause growth defects in resistant cells. Here, through experimental evolution in a microfluidics-based turbidostat, we demonstrate that antibiotic-resistant cells can be efficiently inhibited by amplifying the fitness costs associated with drug-resistance evolution. Using tavaborole-resistantEscherichia colias a model, we show that genetic mutations in leucyl-tRNA synthetase (that underlie tavaborole resistance) make resistant cells intolerant to norvaline, a chemical analog of leucine that is mistakenly used by tavaborole-resistant cells for protein synthesis. We then show that tavaborole-sensitive cells quickly outcompete tavaborole-resistant cells in the presence of norvaline due to the amplified cost of the molecular defect of tavaborole resistance. This finding illustrates that understanding molecular mechanisms of drug resistance allows us to effectively amplify even small evolutionary vulnerabilities of resistant cells to potentially enhance or enable adaptive therapies by accelerating posttreatment competition between resistant and susceptible cells.

scholarly journals CYP20-3 deglutathionylates 2-CysPRX A and suppresses peroxide detoxification during heat stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. e202000775
Author(s):  
Wenshan Liu ◽  
Izailda Barbosa dos Santos ◽  
Anna Moye ◽  
Sang-Wook Park
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Defense Gene ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Reduction Capacity

In plants, growth-defense trade-offs occur because of limited resources, which demand prioritization towards either of them depending on various external and internal factors. However, very little is known about molecular mechanisms underlying their occurrence. Here, we describe that cyclophilin 20-3 (CYP20-3), a 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA)–binding protein, crisscrosses stress responses with light-dependent electron reactions, which fine-tunes activities of key enzymes in plastid sulfur assimilations and photosynthesis. Under stressed states, OPDA, accumulates in the chloroplasts, binds and stimulates CYP20-3 to convey electrons towards serine acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1) and 2-Cys peroxiredoxin A (2CPA). The latter is a thiol-based peroxidase, protecting and optimizing photosynthesis by reducing its toxic byproducts (e.g., H2O2). Reduction of 2CPA then inactivates its peroxidase activity, suppressing the peroxide detoxification machinery, whereas the activation of SAT1 promotes thiol synthesis and builds up reduction capacity, which in turn triggers the retrograde regulation of defense gene expressions against abiotic stress. Thus, we conclude that CYP20-3 is a unique metabolic hub conveying resource allocations between plant growth and defense responses (trade-offs), ultimately balancing optimal growth phonotype.

scholarly journals Why and how do termite kings and queens live so long?

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1823) ◽  
pp. 20190740
Author(s):  
Eisuke Tasaki ◽  
Mamoru Takata ◽  
Kenji Matsuura
Keyword(s):  
Social Insect ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Extended Longevity ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Considerable Support

Lifespan varies greatly across the tree of life. Of the various explanations for this phenomenon, those that involve trade-offs between reproduction and longevity have gained considerable support. There is an important exception: social insect reproductives (queens and in termites, also kings) exhibit both high reproductive outputs and extraordinarily long lives. As both the ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the absence of the fecundity/longevity trade-off could shed light on the unexpected dynamics and molecular mechanisms of extended longevity, reproductives of social insects have attracted much attention in the field of ageing research. Here, we highlight current ecological and physiological studies on ageing and discuss the various possible evolutionary and molecular explanations of the extended lifespans of termite reproductives. We integrate these findings into a coherent framework revealing the evolution of longevity in these reproductives. Studies on termites may explain why and how ageing is shaped by natural selection. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’

scholarly journals Genetic approaches in comparative and evolutionary physiology

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (3) ◽  
pp. R197-R214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay F. Storz ◽  
Jamie T. Bridgham ◽  
Scott A. Kelly ◽  
Theodore Garland
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Genetics ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Physiology ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Polygenic Inheritance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
In The Wild

Whole animal physiological performance is highly polygenic and highly plastic, and the same is generally true for the many subordinate traits that underlie performance capacities. Quantitative genetics, therefore, provides an appropriate framework for the analysis of physiological phenotypes and can be used to infer the microevolutionary processes that have shaped patterns of trait variation within and among species. In cases where specific genes are known to contribute to variation in physiological traits, analyses of intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific divergence can reveal molecular mechanisms of functional evolution and can provide insights into the possible adaptive significance of observed sequence changes. In this review, we explain how the tools and theory of quantitative genetics, population genetics, and molecular evolution can inform our understanding of mechanism and process in physiological evolution. For example, lab-based studies of polygenic inheritance can be integrated with field-based studies of trait variation and survivorship to measure selection in the wild, thereby providing direct insights into the adaptive significance of physiological variation. Analyses of quantitative genetic variation in selection experiments can be used to probe interrelationships among traits and the genetic basis of physiological trade-offs and constraints. We review approaches for characterizing the genetic architecture of physiological traits, including linkage mapping and association mapping, and systems approaches for dissecting intermediary steps in the chain of causation between genotype and phenotype. We also discuss the promise and limitations of population genomic approaches for inferring adaptation at specific loci. We end by highlighting the role of organismal physiology in the functional synthesis of evolutionary biology.

scholarly journals Pleiotropy complicates a trade-off between phage resistance and antibiotic resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (21) ◽  
pp. 11207-11216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alita R. Burmeister ◽  
Abigail Fortier ◽  
Carli Roush ◽  
Adam J. Lessing ◽  
Rose G. Bender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Structural Barrier

Bacteria frequently encounter selection by both antibiotics and lytic bacteriophages. However, the evolutionary interactions between antibiotics and phages remain unclear, in particular, whether and when phages can drive evolutionary trade-offs with antibiotic resistance. Here, we describeEscherichia coliphage U136B, showing it relies on two host factors involved in different antibiotic resistance mechanisms: 1) the efflux pump protein TolC and 2) the structural barrier molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Since TolC and LPS contribute to antibiotic resistance, phage U136B should select for their loss or modification, thereby driving a trade-off between phage resistance and either of the antibiotic resistance mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, we used fluctuation experiments and experimental evolution to obtain phage-resistant mutants. Using these mutants, we compared the accessibility of specific mutations (revealed in the fluctuation experiments) to their actual success during ecological competition and coevolution (revealed in the evolution experiments). BothtolCand LPS-related mutants arise readily during fluctuation assays, withtolCmutations becoming more common during the evolution experiments. In support of the trade-off hypothesis, phage resistance viatolCmutations occurs with a corresponding reduction in antibiotic resistance in many cases. However, contrary to the hypothesis, some phage resistance mutations pleiotropically confer increased antibiotic resistance. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying this surprising pleiotropic result, consideration for applied phage biology, and the importance of ecology in evolution of phage resistance. We envision that phages may be useful for the reversal of antibiotic resistance, but such applications will need to account for unexpected pleiotropy and evolutionary context.

scholarly journals Systematic exploration of Escherichia coli phage–host interactions with the BASEL phage collection

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. e3001424
Author(s):  
Enea Maffei ◽  
Aisylu Shaidullina ◽  
Marco Burkolter ◽  
Yannik Heyer ◽  
Fabienne Estermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Systematic Exploration

Bacteriophages, the viruses infecting bacteria, hold great potential for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and other applications due to their unparalleled diversity and recent breakthroughs in their genetic engineering. However, fundamental knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying phage–host interactions is mostly confined to a few traditional model systems and did not keep pace with the recent massive expansion of the field. The true potential of molecular biology encoded by these viruses has therefore remained largely untapped, and phages for therapy or other applications are often still selected empirically. We therefore sought to promote a systematic exploration of phage–host interactions by composing a well-assorted library of 68 newly isolated phages infecting the model organism Escherichia coli that we share with the community as the BASEL (BActeriophage SElection for your Laboratory) collection. This collection is largely representative of natural E. coli phage diversity and was intensively characterized phenotypically and genomically alongside 10 well-studied traditional model phages. We experimentally determined essential host receptors of all phages, quantified their sensitivity to 11 defense systems across different layers of bacterial immunity, and matched these results to the phages’ host range across a panel of pathogenic enterobacterial strains. Clear patterns in the distribution of phage phenotypes and genomic features highlighted systematic differences in the potency of different immunity systems and suggested the molecular basis of receptor specificity in several phage groups. Our results also indicate strong trade-offs between fitness traits like broad host recognition and resistance to bacterial immunity that might drive the divergent adaptation of different phage groups to specific ecological niches. We envision that the BASEL collection will inspire future work exploring the biology of bacteriophages and their hosts by facilitating the discovery of underlying molecular mechanisms as the basis for an effective translation into biotechnology or therapeutic applications.

scholarly journals Integrated Application of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveals the Energy Allocation-Mediated Mechanisms of Growth-Defense Trade-Offs in Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea angulata

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaogang Wang ◽  
Ao Li ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Rihao Cong ◽  
Luping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Crassostrea Angulata

Understanding the genetic basis of trait variations and their coordination between relative species or populations distributing in different environmental conditions is important in evolutionary biology. In marine ectotherms, growth-defense trade-offs are a common ecological and evolutionary phenomenon. However, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that govern these trade-offs in marine ectotherms in the evolutionary perspective remain poorly investigated. Oysters are among the most important species in global aquaculture. Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas) and Crassostrea angulata (C. angulata) are two allopatric congeneric dominant oyster species that inhabit the northern and southern intertidal areas of China. Wild C. gigas and C. angulata were spawned, and their F1 progeny were cultured in the same sites to reduce the environmental effects. Untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics, together with phenotypic parameters including morphological traits (growth performance), nutritional content (glycogen, crude fat, and fatty acid content), physiology (normalized oxygen consumption rate and total antioxidant capacity) were applied to assess metabolic and transcript divergences between C. gigas and C. angulata. Integrated analyses of metabolites and transcriptomes showed that C. gigas allocated more energy to storage and defense by suppressing glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation and by upregulating fatty acid synthesis, antioxidant gene expression, and related metabolites. The metabolic and transcript results were further confirmed by the phenotypic data that C. gigas has higher glycogen and crude fat content and fatty acid unsaturation and stronger antioxidant capacity than C. angulata. In contrast, C. angulata exhibited better growth performance and a higher oxygen consumption rate. These findings suggest that C. angulata allocates more energy to growth, which is embodied in its stronger aerobic capacity and higher levels of protein synthesis genes, metabolites, and growth-related biomarkers. This study will help to enlighten the evolutionary patterns and genetic basis of growth-defense trade-offs in marine ectotherms and the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying energy allocation. Also, the key genes and metabolites of glycogen and fatty acids pathway identified in this study will be applied for meat quality improvement in the oyster industry.

Phenotypic Plasticity of Feeding Structures in Marine Invertebrate Larvae

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Feeding Structure ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Planktotrophic Larvae ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae

Nearly three decades ago, biologists discovered that planktotrophic larvae of sea urchins can alter the size of their ciliated feeding structures in response to the concentration of food (i.e., unicellular algae). In the years since, this response has become one of the best-studied examples of phenotypic plasticity in marine organisms. Researchers have found that this form of plasticity occurs widely among different types of feeding larvae in several phyla, and involves energetic trade-offs with a suite of correlated life history characters. Furthermore, investigators have recently started to unravel the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying this plasticity. We review the literature on feeding-structure plasticity in marine invertebrate larvae. We highlight the diversity of species and variety of experimental designs and statistical methodologies, summarize research findings to draw more general conclusions, and target promising directions for future research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document