scholarly journals Dynamic rating assists cost-effective expansion of wind farms by utilizing the hidden capacity of transformers

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 106188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar David Ariza Rocha ◽  
Kateryna Morozovska ◽  
Tor Laneryd ◽  
Ola Ivarsson ◽  
Claes Ahlrot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Expansion

Optimization of O&M for Offshore Wind Farms Modelling for WMTC Conferences

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Nivet ◽  
Ema Muk-Pavic
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbine ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Operation Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Failure Evaluation

Offshore wind energy is one of the most upcoming sources of energy, and it is already partially replacing the fossil fuelled power production. However, offshore wind turbine technology is also associated with harsher weather environment. Indeed, it experiences more challenging wind and wave conditions, which in turn limits the vessels capabilities to access the wind farms. Additionally, with the constant rise of power utilization, improvements in the Operation Maintenance (O&M) planning are crucial for the development of large isolated offshore wind farms. Improvements in the planning of the O&M for offshore wind farms could lead to considerable reduction in costs. For this reason, the interest of this research paper is the investigation of the most cost effective approach to offshore turbine maintenance strategies. This objective is achieved by implementing a simulation approach that includes a climate conditions analysis, an operation analysis, a failure evaluation and a simulation of the repairs. This paper points out how different O&M strategies can influence the sustainability of a wind farm.

scholarly journals Robust and cost effective expansion of human regulatory T cells highly functional in a xenograft model of graft-versus-host disease

Haematologica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chakraborty ◽  
A. Mahendravada ◽  
S. K. Perna ◽  
C. M. Rooney ◽  
H. E. Heslop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Graft Versus Host Disease ◽  
Xenograft Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Host Disease ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Effective Expansion

scholarly journals Cost Benefit of Implementing Advanced Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance Strategies for Offshore Wind Farms

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4922
Author(s):  
Alan Turnbull ◽  
James Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Predictive Maintenance ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Component Failure ◽  
Maintenance Strategies ◽  
Early Results ◽  
The Impact

Advancements in wind turbine condition monitoring systems over the last decade have made it possible to optimise operational performance and reduce costs associated with component failure and other unplanned maintenance activities. While much research focuses on providing more automated and accurate fault diagnostics and prognostics in relation to predictive maintenance, efforts to quantify the impact of such strategies have to date been comparatively limited. Through time-based simulation of wind farm operation, this paper quantifies the cost benefits associated with predictive and condition-based maintenance strategies, taking into consideration both direct O&M costs and lost production. Predictive and condition-based strategies have been modelled by adjusting known component failure and repair rates associated with a more reactive approach to maintenance. Results indicate that up to 8% of direct O&M costs can be saved through early intervention along with up to 11% reduction in lost production, assuming 25% of major failures of the generator and gearbox can be diagnosed through advanced monitoring and repaired before major replacement is required. Condition-based approaches can offer further savings compared to predictive strategies by utilising more component life before replacement. However, if weighing up the risk between component failure and replacing a component too early, results suggest that it is more cost effective to intervene earlier if heavy lift vessels can be avoided, even if that means additional major repairs are required over the lifetime of the site.

Repurposing of Offshore Oil and Gas Cables for Renewable Generation: Feasibility and Conceptual Qualification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramy Magdy A. Mahmoud ◽  
Hazem Fayad ◽  
Paul E. Dodds
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
The North ◽  
Oil And Gas Fields ◽  
Gas Fields

Abstract Wind farms are expected to be deployed in the North Sea in increasing numbers and at ever greater distances from land, over the coming decades. Many nearby oil and gas fields have reached or are near the end of their lifespans, and their operators are eager to explore innovative ways to reduce decommissioning costs. One possibility would be to repurpose some of their infrastructures for use by wind farms, which would both delay decommissioning and reduce the wind farm capital costs. This paper investigates the potential for repurposing existing submarine power cores in decommissioned oil and gas fields as transmission cables for offshore renewables. Offshore power cables generally have longer lifetimes than are needed to deplete hydrocarbon reservoirs. Cable transmission capacity could be too low to provide the main connection to wind farms, but there is scope to increase capacity or use cables as auxiliary connections. A qualification methodology is proposed to assess whether existing cables might be usefully repurposed. Repurposing cables has an impact on renewable project capital expenditure (CAPEX) and levelised cost of energy (LCOE), it also positively affects decommissioning cost and the environment. The qualification methodology provides a cost-effective initial appraisal prior to field testing.

Wind power potential for energy sustainability and climate change mitigation: A case study in Taiwan

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Chun Kung ◽  
Li-Jiun Chen ◽  
Tsung-Ju Lee ◽  
Xianling Jiang ◽  
Ruiqi Lin
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Refinement Method ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
The Government ◽  
Threshold Regression Model

According to the latest Taiwan’s energy plan, nuclear power that provides approximately 16% of total electricity will be replaced by renewable energy sources by 2025. Wind power is of particular interest because Taiwan’s maritime climate and constant monsoons make it a feasible alternative that potentially generate a considerable amount of electricity. To better understand how wind power can provide stable electricity output and sequester CO2 emissions, this study employs the Weibull distribution with a threshold regression model to estimate the electricity potential for 370 scheduled wind farm sites and refine electricity estimation according to observed data from all existing wind farms. The results show that, compared to the theoretical estimation models, our proposed refinement method can, in average, reduce estimating error by 87%. The results indicate that construction of all scheduled sites are not a cost-effective approach, and the government may focus on construction of stations that can generate electricity of more than 12 million kWh per year, if capital rationing do exist. Our insightful results thus convey constructive suggestions regarding sites selection, stability of wind speed, and electricity potential of each site, all of which can be helpful in decision making. It is also noteworthy to point out that unless future climate is far deviated from the observed data, wind power can be an effective substitute of nuclear power.

scholarly journals Development of Modular Bio-Inspired Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Close Subsea Asset Inspection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5401
Author(s):  
Wael Gorma ◽  
Mark A. Post ◽  
James White ◽  
James Gardner ◽  
Yang Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Magnetic Coupling ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Modular Software ◽  
Wide Range

To reduce human risk and maintenance costs, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are involved in subsea inspections and measurements for a wide range of marine industries such as offshore wind farms and other underwater infrastructure. Most of these inspections may require levels of manoeuvrability similar to what can be achieved by tethered vehicles, called Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs). To extend AUV intervention time and perform closer inspection in constrained spaces, AUVs need to be more efficient and flexible by being able to undulate around physical constraints. A biomimetic fish-like AUV known as RoboFish has been designed to mimic propulsion techniques observed in nature to provide high thrust efficiency and agility to navigate its way autonomously around complex underwater structures. Building upon advances in acoustic communications, computer vision, electronics and autonomy technologies, RoboFish aims to provide a solution to such critical inspections. This paper introduces the first RoboFish prototype that comprises cost-effective 3D printed modules joined together with innovative magnetic coupling joints and a modular software framework. Initial testing shows that the preliminary working prototype is functional in terms of water-tightness, propulsion, body control and communication using acoustics, with visual localisation and mapping capability.

scholarly journals Printability of Collecting Electrode Using AJP for New Construction of Photovoltaic Device

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1184
Author(s):  
Jakub Krzemiński ◽  
Jan Dominiczak ◽  
Dominik Baraniecki ◽  
Daniel Janczak ◽  
Tomasz Raczyński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Photovoltaic Cell ◽  
Copper Plate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Green Power ◽  
Jet Printing ◽  
Aerosol Jet Printing

In 2018, the European Parliament and Council laid down a directive about the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources connected with the Paris Agreement, which sets a global ambition on climate change mitigation through deep and fast cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Since then, the science world has been even more focused on the development of green technologies such as wind farms, waterpower stations, and photovoltaics as the European Union is preparing to shift to renewables-based energy systems. Each green power technology has its own problems and limitations. Nevertheless, for environmental protection, new power technologies have to be implemented in the near future as primary power sources. Described in this article is the application of aerosol jet printing in manufacture of photovoltaic cells, moving the technology boundaries further toward highly efficient, cost-effective, green power production. The research focused on utilizing aerosol jet printing technology to create finger-shaped collecting electrodes on a newly constructed, non-silicon photovoltaic cell, based on metal oxides. Three commercial nanosilver inks were investigated considering their printing parameters, printability on the specified substrate (AZO-coated glass, AZO-coated copper plate), resistivity of the cured composite, quality of the overprints, and application in photovoltaics. As a result, we obtained finger-shaped collecting electrodes with a resistivity of 3.5 µΩ∙cm and 8 µm width, which compares well with the literature.

Layout optimization for a large offshore wind farm using Genetic Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Narender Reddy ◽  
S Baidya Roy
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Layout Optimization ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Previous Generation ◽  
Large Wind

<p>Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem (WFLOP) is an important issue to be addressed when installing a large wind farm. Many studies have focused on the WFLOP but only for a limited number of turbines (10 – 100 turbines) and idealized wind speed distributions. In this study, we apply the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve the WFLOP for large wind farms using real wind data.</p><p>The study site is the Palk Strait located between India and Sri Lanka. This site is considered to be one of the two potential hotspots of offshore wind in India. An interesting feature of the site is that the winds here are dominated by two major monsoons: southwesterly summer monsoon (June-September) and northeasterly winter monsoon (November to January). As a consequence, the wind directions do not drastically change, unlike other sites which can have winds distributed over 360<sup>o</sup>. This allowed us to design a wind farm with a 5D X 3D spacing, where 5D is in the dominant wind direction and 3D is in the transverse direction (D- rotor diameter of the turbine - 150 m in this study).</p><p>Jensen wake model is used to calculate the wake losses. The optimization of the layout using GA involves building a population of layouts at each generation. This population consists of, the best layouts of the previous generation, crossovers or offspring from the best layouts of the previous generation and few mutated layouts. The best layout at each generation is assessed using the fitness or objective functions that consist of annual power production by the layout, cost incurred by layout per unit power produced, and the efficiency of the layout. GA mimics the natural selection process observed in nature, which can be summarised as survival of the fittest. At each generation, the layouts performing the best would enter the next generation where a new population is created from the best performing layouts.</p><p>GA is used to produce 3 different optimal layouts as described below. Results show that:</p><p>A ~5GW layout – has 738 turbines, producing 2.37 GW of power at an efficiency of 0.79</p><p>Layout along the coast – has 1091 turbines, producing 3.665 GW of power at an efficiency of 0.82.</p><p>Layout for the total area – has 2612 turbines, producing 7.82 GW of power at an efficiency of 0.74.</p><p>Thus, placing the turbines along the coast is more efficient as it makes the maximum use of the available wind energy and it would be cost-effective as well by placing the turbines closer to the shores.</p><p>Wind energy is growing at an unprecedented rate in India. Easily accessible terrestrial resources are almost saturated and offshore is the new frontier. This study can play an important role in the offshore expansion of renewables in India.</p>

Wind Turbine Installation for High Elevations

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Battisti ◽  
Ambra Giovannelli
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
A Site ◽  
High Elevations

The strong drive to exploit wind energy has recently led to new types of location for wind turbine installations being considered, including mountain regions and, to be more specific, areas at elevations coming between 800 and 2,500 m asl. Authoritative sources, such as the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), have estimated that 20–25% of the approximately 60,000 MW expected to be installed in Europe between now and 2010 will be situated in cold-climate areas, and a part of them will be on hills and mountains. The installation of wind farms in the mountains consequently demands an in-depth analysis, in the design of such plant, into both the methods for assessing the resource and the more or less direct transfer of procedures and technologies developed for conventional sites. For the time being, the IEC standards (originally developed to provide a reference picture relating to conventional sites) fail to provide recommendations on this type of site, where the structure of the flow field is substantially more complex in terms of its effect on the stresses involved. The present work outlines the main features of mountain wind farm sites and discusses the effects of some of said features on the structural assessment of the turbines destined for such installations in the light of the IEC standard requirements. The work illustrate that the installation of wind turbines in mountain sites must consider different site-related features from those used to develop the requirements of the IEC standards. The examples given here indicate that, based on the standards, these features influence both energy generation and the turbine’s working life. Only an adequate understanding of these features can lead to a cost-effective sizing of the turbines. This type of approach can lead to a site-specific design concept, and only certain components are structurally adequate for the stress characteristics of a given site. These procedures will then have to be transferred to the standards, overcoming the conflict between the minimum standard requirements specifying the fundamental elements to consider in the project and the set of parameters describing the external conditions that demand a turbine of equivalent sturdiness in comparable applications.

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