A review of ammonia as a compression ignition engine fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 7098-7118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlos Dimitriou ◽  
Rahat Javaid
2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 820-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Agarwal ◽  
J. Bijwe ◽  
L. M. Das

Biodiesel is prepared using linseed oil and methanol by the process of transesterification. Use of linseed oil methyl ester (LOME) in a compression ignition engine was found to develop a highly compatible engine-fuel system with low emission characteristics. Two similar engines were operated using optimum biodiesel blend and mineral diesel oil, respectively. These were subjected to long-term endurance tests. Lubricating oil samples drawn from both engines after a fixed interval were subjected to elemental analysis. Quantification of various metal debris concentrations was done by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Wear metals were found to be about 30% lower for a biodiesel-operated engine system. Lubricating oil samples were also subjected to ferrography indicating lower wear debris concentrations for a biodiesel-operated engine. The additional lubricating property of LOME present in the fuel resulted in lower wear and improved life of moving components in a biodiesel-fuelled engine. However, this needed experimental verification and quantification. A series of experiments were thus conducted to compare the lubricity of various concentrations of LOME in biodiesel blends. Long duration tests were conducted using reciprocating motion in an SRV optimol wear tester to evaluate the coefficient of friction, specific wear rates, etc. The extent of damage, coefficient of friction, and specific wear rates decreased with increase in the percentage of LOME in the biodiesel blend. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted on the surfaces exposed to wear. The disk and pin using 20% biodiesel blend as the lubricating oil showed lesser damage compared to the one subjected to diesel oil as the lubricating fluid, confirming additional lubricity of biodiesel.


2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambarish Datta ◽  
Bijan Kumar Mandal

The enhanced use of diesel fuel and the strict emission norms for the protection of environment have necessitated finding sustainable alternative and relatively green fuels for compression ignition engines. This paper presents a brief review on the current status of biodiesel production and its performance and emission characteristics as compression ignition engine fuel. This study is based on the reports on biodiesel fuels published in the current literature by different researchers. Biodiesel can be produced from crude vegetable oil, non-edible oil, waste frying oil, animal tallow and also from algae by a chemical process called transesterification. Biodiesel is also called methyl or ethyl ester of the corresponding feed stocks from which it has been produced. Biodiesel is completely miscible with diesel oil, thus allowing the use of blends of mineral diesel and biodiesel in any percentage. Presently, biodiesel is blended with mineral diesel and used commercially as fuel in many countries. Biodiesel fueled CI engines perform more or less in the same way as that fueled with the mineral diesel. Exhaust emissions are significantly improved due the use of biodiesel or blends of biodiesel and mineral diesel. The oxides of nitrogen are found to be greater in exhaust in case of biodiesel compared to mineral diesel. But the higher viscosity of biodiesel also enhances the lubricating property. Biodiesel being an oxygenated fuel improves combustion.


Author(s):  
M. Chandramouli ◽  
V. Pandurangadu ◽  
V. CVS Phaneendra

Growing demands on reduction of Internal Combustion Engine fuel consumption with increase of its performance new designs and optimization of existing ones are introduced. Air motion in CI Engine influences the atomization and distribution of fuel injected in the air charge. Better atomization of Injected fuel allows for a more complete burn and helps to reduce the engine Knock. A four stroke compression ignition engine with power 9 H.P and rated speed 1500 rpm is selected for the present work to investigate the performance characteristics. The swirl motion of the air is an important parameter in optimizing the performance of the engine. In order to increase the air velocity in the inlet manifold a convergent-divergent nozzle is used. The rise in velocity with the use of nozzle generates turbulence at the exit of the manifold which facilitates for better combustion of injected fuel. The Performance characteristics were calculated without nozzle and with out nozzle in the inlet manifold and compared.


Author(s):  
B. B. Sahoo ◽  
U. K. Saha ◽  
N. Sahoo

Syngas, an environmentally friendly alternative gaseous fuel for internal combustion engine operation, mainly consists of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). It can substitute fossil diesel oil in a compression ignition diesel engine through dual fuel operation route. In the present investigation, experiments were conducted in a constant speed single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fuelled with syngas-diesel in a dual fuel operation mode. The main contribution of this study is to introduce the new synthetic gaseous fuel (syngas) including the possible use of CO gas, an alternative diesel engine fuel. In this work, four different H2 and CO compositions of syngas were chosen for dual fuel study under different engine loading levels. Keeping the same power output at the corresponding tested loads, the engine performance of dual fuel operations were compared to that of diesel mode for the entire load range. The maximum diesel replacement in the engine was found to be 72.3% for 100% H2 fuel. This amount replacement rate was reduced for the low energetic lower H2 content fuels. The brake thermal efficiency was always found highest (about 21%) in the case of diesel mode operation. However, the 100% H2 syngas showed a comparative performance level with diesel mode at the expense of higher NOx emissions. At 80% engine load, the brake thermal efficiency was found to be 15.7% for 100% CO syngas. This value increased to 16.1%, 18.3% and 19.8% when the 100% CO syngas composition was replaced by H2 contents of 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively. At part loads (i.e., at 20% and 40%), dual fuel mode resulted a poor performance including higher emission levels. In contrast, at higher loads, syngas fuels showed a good competitive performance to diesel mode. At all the tested loads, the NOx emission was observed highest for 100% H2 syngas as compared to other fuel conditions, and a maximum of 240 ppm was found at 100% load. However, when the CO fractions of 25%, 50% and 100%, were substituted to hydrogen fuel, the emission levels got reduced to 175 ppm, 127 ppm, and 114 ppm, respectively. Further, higher CO and HC emission levels were recorded for 25%, 50%, and 100% CO fraction syngas fuels due to their CO content. Ignition delay was found to increase for the dual fuel operation as compared to diesel mode, and also it seemed to be still longer for higher H2 content syngas fuels. The peak pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise were found to decrease for all the cases of dual fuel operation, except for 100% H2 syngas (beyond 60% load). The reduction in peak pressure resulted a rise in the exhaust gas temperature at all loads under dual fuel operation. The present investigation provides some useful experimental data which can be applied to the possible existing engine parameters modifications to produce a competitive syngas dual fuel performance at all the loading operations.


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