scholarly journals Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and associated risk factors in Oromia Region of Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girma Mulisa ◽  
Tilaye Workneh ◽  
Niguse Hordofa ◽  
Mohamed Suaudi ◽  
Gemeda Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

scholarly journals Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Belarus: the size of the problem and associated risk factors

2012 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Skrahina ◽  
Henadz Hurevich ◽  
Aksana Zalutskaya ◽  
Evgeni Sahalchyk ◽  
Andrei Astrauko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Stopping of the Downtrend of Tuberculosis in Iran, a Systematic Review of Associated Risk Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-373
Author(s):  
Manouchehr Fadaee ◽  
Jalil Rashedi ◽  
Sepideh Arabi ◽  
Behroz Mahdavi Poor ◽  
Hossein Samadi Kafil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Hiv Aids

Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health problem in developing countries. In recent decades, the incidence of the disease has been gradually reducing in Iran. However, the reducing incidence of the disease has stopped in the country during recent years. It could be due to an increase in immigration, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and the prevalence of drug-resistant strains. In order to prevent the spread of TB cases and control this disease, it is essential to identify the predisposing factors, which may be related to bacteria, host and environment. The objective of the present systematic review was to investigate the role of potentially effective factors in the increase in TB cases in the country. The epidemiological studies that had considered the risk factors for the development of TB in populations from different regions of Iran were reviewed systematically from the beginning of 2007 to the end of June 2017 in electronic databases. Upon evaluation of the literature, these 7 major risk factors were identified in twenty-five eligible studies, including poor living conditions, drug abuse, HIV/AIDS, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), diabetes, migration, and smoking. In conclusion, the increase in predisposing risk factors for catching TB, especially the migration and Beijing strain, shows that in the absence of accurate monitoring, TB cases will increase in the near future in Iran.

Characterization of isolated thermophilic campylobacters and associated risk factors in poultry farms of Uttarakhand, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetika Garhia ◽  
Maansi Mani ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Ajay Kumar Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Housing System ◽  
P Value ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Campylobacters are the common commensals of poultry responsible for several cases of gastroenteritis in humans. The illness, if severe can result into complications causing a nervous disorder named Guillian Barre syndrome. Owing to its serious health implications, the study aimed to screen eight organized poultry farms and their environment (water, litter, manure, and feed) of Uttarakhand state, India for the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter species and their virulence and antibiotic resistance profile. It also undertook identification of risk factors associated with the occurrence of campylobacters in each farm using a questionnaire survey comprising eleven potential risk factors (other animals on farm, reuse of litters, use of foot bath, in house or branded feed, chlorination of water, distance of manure heap, housing system, flock size, floor type, shoe use by farm personnels, moist or dry litter and number of broiler floor). Results Of eight, six farms showed varying occurrence of C.jejuni and C.coli with an overall prevalence of 12.29%. Not a single isolate of C.lari and C.upsaliensis was recorded. Poultry faecal, water and litter samples observed 18.2%, 6% and 1.9% presence, respectively. Feed and manure samples did not appear positive. In 48 revived Campylobacter isolates, 100% presence of cadF and flaA virulence genes were detected followed by cdtB (97.9%), cgtB (22.9%) and ciaB (12.5%), respectively. Ten isolates 23.80%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) exhibiting resistance to at least 3 or more antimicrobial classes. The most common MDR patterns were AMP CX CIP TE (n = 2) and AMP CX CIP (n = 2). Feeding of branded feed was found to have significant association with Campylobacter presence in the examined broiler flocks (p-value 0.0047). Conclusions The study highlights the occurrence of food pathogens, Campylobacter jejuni and C.coli in the poultry farms and their environment of the state. The organisms possessed significant virulence genes capable of developing critical human illness. Overall, the presence of MDR thermophilic campylobacters appears to be a severe public threat.

scholarly journals Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Its Associated Risk Factors among HIV-Positive and -Negative Clients Attending Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seid Ali ◽  
Martha Alemayehu ◽  
Mulat Dagnew ◽  
Teklay Gebrecherkos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Dessie Referral Hospital

Background. Enterococci are becoming the most important public health concern and emerging as multidrug-resistant organisms around the world including Africa particularly in Ethiopia where there is a lack of availability of effective antimicrobial drugs. However, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence and associated risk factors of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Ethiopia.Objective. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and its associated risk factors among HIV-positive and -negative clients.Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May, 2017, on 300 participants at Dessie Referral Hospital. Data were gathered using a pretested structured questionnaire, stool samples were collected and inoculated on to bile esculin agar, and presumptive colonies were inoculated in brain-heart infusion broth containing 6.5% NaCl for selective identification of enterococci. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were done using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software package.Results. A total of 300 study participants were enrolled in this study, of which 57.7% were females with a mean age of 34.4, a range of 19–73 years. The overall prevalence of enterococci was 37.3%. The prevalence of VRE was 6.3%. From all isolates, the prevalence of VRE among HIV-positive and -negative clients was 5.9% and 7.4%, respectively. Resistance gentamicin, ampicillin, penicillin, and erythromycin was 37.5%, 34.8%, 34.8%, and 22.3%, respectively. Prevalence of multidrug resistance was (29.5%). Being low in hemoglobin content was significantly associated with VRE.Conclusion. The high prevalence of VRE and multidrug-resistant enterococci in this study signals the emergence of VRE. Detection of VRE in this study indicates decreased antibiotic treatment options of multidrug-resistant enterococci. Therefore, there should be a need to perform continuous surveillance, rational use of antibiotics, and more detailed study using phenotypic and genotypic methods.

scholarly journals Multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and associated risk factors in community infants in Lebanon

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (09) ◽  
pp. 947-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumaya Moustafa Hijazi ◽  
Mohamad Anwar Fawzi ◽  
Faten Moustafa Ali ◽  
Khaled Hussein Abd El Galil
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Caesarean Delivery ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Synergy Test ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Rectal Colonization

Introduction: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) infections are a growing threat to children, and the treatment of these infections becomes more and more challenging. A huge reservoir for ESBLs in the community is the fecal flora of children. This study investigates the rectal colonization, associated risk factors, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular characterization of ESBL-PE in Lebanese community infants. Methodology: A total of 117 rectal swabs were taken from healthy infants between 1 and 12 months of age. Detection of ESBLs was carried out using the double-disk synergy test, combination-disk method, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A questionnaire about the infant’s history and risk factors for carrying ESBL-PE was administered. Results: In total, 58 (49.6%) of 117 participants were ESBL-PE carriers. Some significant important risk factors for colonization in this study were male gender, hospital birth, caesarean delivery, and being formula-fed. Observed decrease in colonization rate was associated with intimate hygiene habits. Carriers of multiple bla genes were the most common. CTX-M type was the major harbored, gene and CTX-M-9 was the most predominant, followed by CTX-M-15 type. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first available data about the carriage rate of ESBL-PE in community infants in Lebanon and the Middle East, the first study showing that birth in hospital, caesarean delivery, and being formula-fed are all significantly associated risk factors for the high colonization rates in community – not hospitalized – infants, and showing the dominance of multiple resistance gene carriage and wide dissemination of CTX-M-9 ESBL.

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